Editing DNA profiling (section)

===DNA extraction===
{{Main|DNA extraction}}
When a sample such as [[blood]] or [[saliva]] is obtained, the DNA is only a small part of what is present in the sample. Before the DNA can be analyzed, it must be [[DNA extraction|extracted]] from the cells and purified. There are many ways this can be accomplished, but all methods follow the same basic procedure. The cell and nuclear membranes need to be broken up to allow the DNA to be free in solution. Once the DNA is free, it can be separated from all other cellular components. After the DNA has been separated in solution, the remaining cellular debris can then be removed from the solution and discarded, leaving only DNA. The most common methods of DNA extraction include [[phenol–chloroform extraction|organic extraction]] (also called [[phenol–chloroform extraction]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phenol-Chloroform Extraction - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/phenol-chloroform-extraction |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> [[Chelex 100|Chelex extraction]], and [[solid-phase extraction]]. [[Differential extraction]] is a modified version of extraction in which DNA from two different types of cells can be separated from each other before being purified from the solution. Each method of extraction works well in the laboratory, but analysts typically select their preferred method based on factors such as the cost, the time involved, the quantity of DNA yielded, and the quality of DNA yielded.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10815589251327503 | doi=10.1177/10815589251327503 | title=EXPRESS: Challenging Biological Samples and Strategies for DNA Extraction | date=2025 | last1=Rana | first1=Ajay Kumar | journal=Journal of Investigative Medicine | pmid=40033560 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Forensic DNA typing: biology, technology, and genetics of STR markers| vauthors=Butler JM |date=2005 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|isbn=978-0080470610|edition=2nd|location=Amsterdam|oclc=123448124}}</ref>