Editing Dark wave (section)

==== 1980s: Foundations ====
[[File:Xymox 1989 220px.jpg|thumb|[[Clan of Xymox]]]]
Since the 1980s,<ref name="Spex17">[[Spex (magazine)|SPEX]]. Musik zur Zeit: Classified Ad by German distribution company EFA – Spots 5/85, issue 5/85, p.&nbsp;17, May 1985, [http://fs5.directupload.net/images/151119/fj33oyol.jpg online picture]</ref><ref>Bobby Vox: ''Gorgonen, Hydras & Chimären – Interview with Marquee Moon'', E.B. music magazine, issue 3/86, p.&nbsp;18, May 1986</ref><ref name="NewLife88">New Life Soundmagazine, issue 38, description of the single "Love Will Tear Us Apart“ by Joy Division, p.&nbsp;10, November 1988</ref> the term "dark wave" has been used in Europe by the music press<ref>{{cite book|last=Völker|first=Florian|title=Kälte-Pop – Die Geschichte des erfolgreichsten deutschen Popmusik-Exports|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L03aEAAAQBAJ&dq=dark+wave&pg=PA182 |date=2023|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|location=Berlin/Boston|page=182|isbn=978-3-11-124515-7|edition=Orig.-Ausg.}}</ref> to describe the gloomy and melancholy variant of new wave and post-punk music.<ref name="Dittmann139" /><ref name="Issitt111">Issitt, Micah: ''Goths: A Guide to an American Subculture'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2011, {{ISBN|0-313-38604-8}}, p.&nbsp;111</ref> At that time, the term "goth" was inseparably connected with gothic rock,<ref>Schmidt, Axel; Neumann-Braun, Klaus: ''Die Welt der Gothics. Spielräume düster konnotierter Transzendenz.'', Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2004, {{ISBN|3-531-14353-0}}, p.&nbsp;261.</ref> whereas "dark wave" acquired a broader meaning, embracing bands and solo artists that were associated with gothic rock<ref name="Issitt111" /> and synthesizer-based new wave music,<ref name="Hornberger" /><ref name="Rouner">{{cite news|last1=Rouner|first1=Jeff|title=The Seven Ages of Goth|url=http://www.houstonpress.com/music/the-seven-ages-of-goth-6500894|work=[[Houston Press]]|date=20 January 2011}}<br />"The term 'darkwave' came from back in the 1980s, and was one of the terms used to describe the Golden Age bands, as well as dark electronica acts like Gary Numan and Depeche Mode."</ref> such as [[Bauhaus (band)|Bauhaus]],<ref>Matzke, Peter; Seeliger, Tobias: ''Das Gothic- und Dark-Wave-Lexikon'', p.&nbsp;39, 2002, {{ISBN|3-89602-277-6}}</ref> [[Joy Division]],<ref name="NewLife88" /><ref name="Wallraff">{{cite book|last1=Farin|first1=Klaus|last2=Wallraff|first2=Kirsten|last3=Archiv der Jugendkulturen e.V., Berlin|title=Die Gothics : Interviews, Fotografien|date=1999|publisher=Tilsner|location=Bad Tölz|page=47|isbn=9783933773098|edition=Orig.-Ausg.}}</ref><ref>Peter Jandreus, ''The Encyclopedia of Swedish Punk 1977–1987'', Stockholm: Premium Publishing, 2008, p.&nbsp;11.</ref> [[the Cure]],<ref name="Wallraff" /><ref name="Weidenkaff41">{{cite book|last1=Farin|first1=Klaus|last2=Weidenkaff|first2=Ingo|title=Jugendkulturen in Thüringen|date=1999|publisher=Tilsner|oclc=651857996|location=Bad Tölz|isbn=3-933773-25-3|page=41|edition=Orig.-Ausg.}}</ref> [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]],<ref name="Wallraff" /> [[the Sisters of Mercy]],<ref name="Wallraff" /> [[Anne Clark (poet)|Anne Clark]],<ref name="Nostalgia">{{cite book |title=Nostalgia or Perversion? |first=Isabella |last=van Elferen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_gYBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22dark+wave%22&pg=PA127 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1847182470|page=127}}</ref> [[Depeche Mode]],<ref name="Weidenkaff41" /><ref name="Rouner" /> [[Gary Numan]]<ref name="Rouner" /> and [[the Chameleons]].<ref name="Wallraff" />

{{Blockquote|The term darkwave originated in the 1980s as an indicator of the dark counterpart of new wave. Bands such as Cocteau Twins, [[Soft Cell]], and Depeche Mode are exponents of this first generation of darkwave. Darkwave... employs relatively slower tempos, lower pitches, and more minor keys in its musical settings of melancholy texts than new wave.<ref name="Elferen">Isabella van Elferen, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock: ''Goth Music: From Sound to Subculture''. Routledge Studies in Popular Music, 2015, p. 25, {{ISBN|0-415-72004-4}}</ref>|Isabella van Elferen, Professor of Musicology, [[Kingston University, London]]}}

The movement spread internationally, developing such strands as [[ethereal wave]], with bands such as [[Cocteau Twins]], and [[neoclassical dark wave]], initiated by the music of [[Dead Can Dance]] and [[In the Nursery]].<ref name="Matzke400–401">Matzke, Peter; Seeliger, Tobias: ''Das Gothic- und Dark-Wave-Lexikon'', p.&nbsp;400–401, 2003, {{ISBN|3-89602-522-8}}</ref><ref>Nym, Alexander: ''Schillerndes Dunkel. Geschichte, Entwicklung und Themen der Gothic-Szene'', Plöttner Verlag 2010, {{ISBN|3-862-11006-0}}, p.&nbsp;169</ref> French [[Cold wave (music)|cold wave]] groups such as Clair Obscur<ref>SPEX. ''Musik zur Zeit: Classified Ad by German distribution company EFA'', issue 12/88, p.&nbsp;58, December 1988</ref> and [[Opera Multi Steel]]<ref>[http://opera.multi.steel.pagesperso-orange.fr/About%20us.htm Opera Multi Steel - Official band biography]</ref> have also been associated with the dark wave scene;<ref name="SAGE727" /> Rémy Lozowski, guitarist of French cold wave band Excès Nocturne, described his music as {{lang|fr|new wave noire}} ("dark new wave").<ref>Illusions Perdues magazine: ''Interview with Excès Nocturne'', issue 1, p.&nbsp;18, January 1989</ref>

Simultaneously, different substyles associated with the new wave and dark wave movements started to merge and influence each other, e.g. synth-wave<ref name="Vice2012" /> (a kind of new wave with synthesizers, also referred to as "electro-wave"<ref>Matzke, Peter; Seeliger, Tobias: ''Das Gothic- und Dark-Wave-Lexikon'', p.&nbsp;222, 2003, {{ISBN|3-89602-522-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gothic Electro. Die Funktionalisierung von Technik innerhalb des subkulturellen Kontexts |language=de |first=Bianca |last=Stücker |chapter=Electro Wave |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElTximhNwPgC&dq=electro+wave&pg=PA76 |publisher=Europäischer Hochschulverlag |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-86741-863-8|page=76}}</ref>) with gothic rock, or began to borrow elements of [[post-industrial music]]. [[Attrition (band)|Attrition]],<ref name="sordid">{{cite web|url=http://sortedmagazine.com/archive/magazine/sordid/attrition.htm|publisher=Sorted magAZine
|title=Composing noises|date=1999}}</ref> [[Die Form]] (France), [[Pink Industry]] (UK), [[Psyche (band)|Psyche]] (Canada), [[Kirlian Camera (band)|Kirlian Camera]] (Italy) and [[Clan of Xymox]] (Netherlands)<ref>DeBord, Jason: ''[http://rocksubculture.com/2015/03/21/clan-of-xymox-at-dna-lounge-san-francisco-california-3192015-concert-review-photos/ Clan of Xymox at DNA Lounge]'', Rock Subculture Journal, March 21, 2015<br />"A pioneer of Darkwave music, the mix of Synth Wave, Post-Punk, and Gothic Rock had its golden age in the '80s among contemporaries like Bauhaus, Joy Division, the Cure, Sisters of Mercy, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Cocteau Twins, and Depeche Mode."</ref> performed this music in the 1980s. Other bands such as [[Malaria!]] and the Vyllies added elements of [[chanson]] and [[cabaret]] music. This sort of dark wave music became known as [[dark cabaret|cabaret noir]] (or "dark cabaret", a term popularized by U.S. dark wave label [[Projekt Records]]).<ref name="Issitt111" /><ref>Stücker, Bianca: ''Die Funktionalisierung von Technik innerhalb des subkulturellen Kontexts'', Europäischer Hochschulverlag, 2013, {{ISBN|3-867-41863-2}}, p.&nbsp;74</ref>

German dark wave bands were partially associated with the [[Neue Deutsche Welle]] (i.e. German new wave),<ref>Schmidt, Axel; Neumann-Braun, Klaus: ''Die Welt der Gothics. Spielräume düster konnotierter Transzendenz.'', Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2004, {{ISBN|3-531-14353-0}}, p.&nbsp;256</ref> and included [[Xmal Deutschland]],<ref>Schmidt, Axel; Neumann-Braun, Klaus: ''Die Welt der Gothics. Spielräume düster konnotierter Transzendenz.'', Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2004, {{ISBN|3-531-14353-0}}, p.&nbsp;257</ref> Mask For, Asmodi Bizarr,<ref name="SAGE727" /> II. Invasion,<ref name="SAGE727" /> Unlimited Systems, Moloko †, Maerchenbraut,<ref name="Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick, Nancy. ''The Goth Bible: A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined''. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2004, {{ISBN|0-312-30696-2}}, pp.&nbsp;84/85.</ref><ref name="SAGE727" /> Cyan Revue,<ref name="Spex17" /> Leningrad Sandwich,<ref name="Spex17" /> Stimmen der Stille, Belfegore,<ref>Esch, Rüdiger: ''Electri_city'', Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 3rd edition, 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-518-46464-9}}, p.&nbsp;356</ref> and [[Pink Turns Blue]].<ref>Oliver Sheppard: ''[http://www.cvltnation.com/pink-turns-blue-interview-german-darkwave-pioneers/ Pink Turns Blue – An interview with German darkwave pioneers.]'' CVLT Nation magazine, 9 September 2016</ref><ref name="SAGE727" />