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Delta wave
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==Neurophysiology== ===Sex differences=== Females have been shown to have more delta wave activity, and this is true across most mammal species. {{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} This discrepancy does not become apparent until early adulthood (in the 30s or 40s in humans), with males showing greater age-related reductions in delta wave activity than females.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sleep: Do Young Adult Men and Women Age Differently?|author=Ehlers, C. L., and D. J. Kupfer.|journal=J Sleep Res|date=1997|volume=6|issue=3|pages=211β15|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00041.x|pmid=9358400|s2cid=33542993 }}</ref> ===Brain localization and biochemistry=== Delta waves can arise either in the thalamus or in the cortex. When associated with the thalamus, they are thought to arise in coordination with the [[reticular formation]].<ref name="isbn034056136x">{{cite book |author=Gross, Richard E. |title=Psychology: the science of mind and behaviour |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |year=1992 |pages= 112β113|isbn=0-340-56136-X }}</ref><ref>Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Aerts, J., Peters, J. M., Luxen, A., et al. (1997). Functional neuroanatomy of human slow wave sleep. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(8), 2807-2812.</ref> In the cortex, the [[suprachiasmatic nuclei]] have been shown to regulate delta waves, as lesions to this area have been shown to cause disruptions in delta wave activity. In addition, delta waves show a lateralization, with right hemisphere dominance during sleep.<ref>Mistlberger, R. E., Bergmann, B. M., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1987). RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WAKE EPISODE LENGTHS, CONTIGUOUS SLEEP EPISODE LENGTHS, AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC DELTA WAVES IN RATS WITH SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI LESIONS. [Article]. Sleep, 10(1), 12-24.</ref> Delta waves have been shown to be mediated in part by [[T-type calcium channel]]s.<ref>Lee, J., Kim, D., Shin, H. Lack of delta waves and sleep disturbances during non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice lacking a1g-subunit of T-type calcium channels. PNAS;101(52): 18195-18199.</ref> During delta wave sleep, neurons are globally inhibited by [[gamma-aminobutyric acid]] (GABA).<ref name="Hobson, J. 2002">Hobson, J., & Pace-Schott, E. (2002). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep: Neuronal Systems, Consciousness and Learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(9), 679-693.</ref> Delta activity stimulates the release of several hormones, including growth hormone releasing hormone [[GHRH]] and [[prolactin]] (PRL). GHRH is released from the [[hypothalamus]], which in turn stimulates release of [[growth hormone]] (GH) from the [[pituitary]]. The secretion of (PRL), which is closely related to (GH), is also regulated by the pituitary. The release of [[thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH), is decreased in response to delta-wave signaling.<ref>Brandenberger, G. (2003). The Ulradien Rhythm of Sleep: Diverse Relations with Pituitary and Adrenal Hormones. Revue Neurologique, 159(11), S5-S10.</ref>
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