Editing Depersonalization (section)

== Epidemiology ==
Despite the distressing nature of symptoms, estimating the prevalence rates of depersonalization is challenging due to inconsistent definitions and variable timeframes.<ref name=":0" />

Depersonalization is a symptom of anxiety disorders, such as [[panic disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sierra-Siegert M, David AS |title=Depersonalization and individualism: the effect of culture on symptom profiles in panic disorder |journal=[[Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease]] |volume=195 |issue=12 |pages=989–95 |date=December 2007 |pmid=18091192 |doi=10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815c19f7 |s2cid=7182322}}</ref><ref name="Simeon-2004">{{cite journal |author=Simeon D |year=2004 |title=Depersonalisation Disorder: A Contemporary Overview |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=343–54 |pmid=15089102 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200418060-00002 |s2cid=18506672}}</ref> It can also accompany [[sleep deprivation]] (often occurring when experiencing [[jet lag]]), [[migraine]],
[[epilepsy]] (especially [[temporal lobe epilepsy]],<ref name="depers">{{cite journal |author=Michelle V. Lambert |author2=Mauricio Sierra |author3=Mary L. Phillips |author4=Anthony S. David |title=The Spectrum of Organic Depersonalization: A Review Plus Four New Cases |journal=[[The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences]] |date=May 2002 |volume=14 |pages=141–54 |pmid=11983788 |issue=2 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14.2.141}}</ref>
[[Focal seizure|complex-partial seizure]], both as part of the [[Aura (symptom)|aura]] and during the [[seizure]]<ref name="Sadock2017-Epid-DP-DR">{{harvp | Dissociative Disorders |2017 | loc = GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS, Epidemiology of Depersonalization and Derealization Symptoms. }}</ref>),
[[obsessive-compulsive disorder]], severe stress or trauma, [[anxiety]], the use of recreational drugs<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depersonalization-derealization-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352911 |title=Depersonalization-derealization disorder – Symptoms and causes |website=[[Mayo Clinic]] |language=en |access-date=2019-11-20 |archive-date=2017-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030114/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depersonalization-derealization-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352911 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Em dash}}especially [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[hallucinogens]], [[ketamine]], and [[MDMA]], certain types of [[meditation]], deep [[hypnosis]], extended mirror or [[crystal gazing]], [[sensory deprivation]], and mild-to-moderate [[head injury]] with little or full [[loss of consciousness]] (less likely if unconscious for more than 30 minutes).
[[Interoceptive exposure]] is a non-pharmacological method that can be used to induce depersonalization.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lickel J |author2=Nelson E |author3=Lickel A H |author4=Brett Deacon |year=2008 |title=Interoceptive Exposure Exercises for Evoking Depersonalization and Derealization: A Pilot Study |journal=[[Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy]] |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=321–30 |doi=10.1891/0889-8391.22.4.321 |s2cid=12746427}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2014 63–66" />

In the general population, transient depersonalization and derealization are common, having a [[lifetime prevalence]] between 26 and 74%.<ref name=":0" /> A random community-based survey of 1,000 adults in the US rural south found a 1-year depersonalization prevalence rate at 19%. Standardized diagnostic interviews have reported prevalence rates of 1.2% to 1.7% over one month in UK samples, and a rate of 2.4% in a single-point Canadian sample.<ref name=":0" /> In clinical populations, prevalence rates range from 1% to 16%, with varying rates in specific psychiatric disorders such as panic disorder and unipolar depression.<ref name=":0" /> Co-occurrence between depersonalization/derealization and panic disorder is common, suggesting a possible common etiology. Co-morbidity with other disorders does not influence symptom severity consistently.<ref name="Simeon-2004" />

Depersonalization is reported 2–4 times more in women than in men,<ref>{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry|2015}} |last1=Sadock |first1=BJ |last2=Sadock |first2=VA |year=2015 |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry |edition=11th |chapter=12: Dissociative Disorders |publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]] |isbn=978-1-60913-971-1 |at=DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION DISORDER, Epidemiology, pp. 454-455}}</ref> but depersonalization/derealization disorder is diagnosed approximately equally across men and women, with symptoms typically emerging around the age of 16.<ref name="Simeon-2004" />

A similar and overlapping concept called [[ipseity disturbance]] (ipse is Latin for "self" or "itself"<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Louis A. |last1=Sass |first2=Josef |last2=Parnas |year=2003 |title=Schizophrenia, Consciousness, and the Self |journal=[[Schizophrenia Bulletin]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=427–44 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007017 |pmid=14609238 |doi-access=free}}</ref>) may be part of the core process of [[schizophrenia]] spectrum disorders. However, specific to the schizophrenia spectrum seems to be "a ''dis''location of first-person perspective such that self and other or self and world may seem to be non-distinguishable, or in which the individual self or field of consciousness takes on an inordinate significance in relation to the objective or intersubjective world" (emphasis in original).<ref name="pmid23454432"/>

For the purposes of evaluation and measurement, depersonalization can be conceived of as a construct and scales are now available to map its dimensions in {{Clarify |text=time and space. |date=May 2020 |reason=The reference mentions depersonalization experieces include time & space distorations, but this is only one dimension. Please elaborate on this point.}}<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00100-1 |pmid=10725532 |title=The Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale: A new instrument for the measurement of depersonalisation |journal=[[Psychiatry Research]] |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=153–164 |year=2000 |last1=Sierra |first1=Mauricio |last2=Berrios |first2=German E. |s2cid=206024895}}</ref> A study of undergraduate students found that individuals high on the depersonalization/derealization subscale of the [[Dissociative Experiences Scale]] exhibited a more pronounced [[cortisol]] response in [[Stress (biology)|stress]]. Individuals high on the absorption subscale, which measures a subject's experiences of concentration to the exclusion of awareness of other events, showed weaker cortisol responses.<ref name="pmid17435477">{{cite journal |last=Giesbrecht |first=T. |author2=T. Smeets |author3=H. Merckelbac |author4=M. Jelicic |s2cid=9283387 |title=Depersonalization experiences in undergraduates are related to heightened stress cortisol responses |journal=[[Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease]] |volume=195 |issue=4 |pages=282–87 |year=2007 |pmid=17435477 |doi=10.1097/01.nmd.0000253822.60618.60}}</ref>