Editing Dies irae (section)

==Text==
The Latin text below is taken from the Requiem Mass in the 1962 [[Roman Missal]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf |title=Missale Romanum |date=1962 |publisher=Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis |edition=3rd |location=[[Vatican City]] |page=706 |oclc=61411326 |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216004904/https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-16 |url-status=live |lang=la}}</ref> The first English version below, translated by [[William Josiah Irons]] in 1849,<ref>{{wikisource-inline|Dies Irae (Irons, 1912)|single=true}}</ref> albeit from a slightly different Latin text, replicates the rhyme and metre of the original.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hymnary.org/hymn/HPEC1940/468 |title=The Hymnal of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America |date=1940 |publisher=Church Pension Fund |location=[[New York City]] |page=468 |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806040118/https://hymnary.org/hymn/HPEC1940/468 |archive-date=2016-08-06 |url-status=live |via=[[Hymnary.org]] |lang=en}}</ref> This translation, edited for more conformance to the official Latin, is approved by the Catholic Church for use as the funeral Mass sequence in the liturgy of the [[Personal ordinariate|Catholic  ordinariates for former Anglicans]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Order for Funerals for use by the Ordinariates erected under the auspices of the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum cœtibus |url=https://ordinariate.net/documents/resources/AC_Order_for_Funerals.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214112446/https://ordinariate.net/documents/resources/AC_Order_for_Funerals.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-14 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter]] |language=en,la}}</ref> The second English version is a more [[Dynamic and formal equivalence|dynamic equivalence]] translation.

{| class="wikitable"
!<!-- Stanza (unnecessary, and without it, the column becomes narrower.) -->
!Original
!Approved adaptation
![[Dynamic equivalence]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|I
|<poem>{{lang|la|Dies iræ, dies illa,
Solvet sæclum in favilla:
Teste David cum Sibylla.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Day of wrath and doom impending!
David's word with Sibyl's blending,
Heaven and earth in ashes ending!</poem>
|<poem>The day of wrath, that day,
will dissolve the world in ashes:
(this is) the testimony of [[David]] along with the [[Tiburtine Sibyl|Sibyl]].</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|II
|<poem>{{lang|la|Quantus tremor est futurus,
Quando iudex est venturus,
Cuncta stricte discussurus!|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Oh, what fear man's bosom rendeth,
When from heaven the Judge descendeth,
On whose sentence all dependeth.</poem>
|<poem>How great will be the quaking,
when the Judge is about to come,
strictly investigating all things!</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|III
|<poem>{{lang|la|Tuba, mirum spargens sonum
Per sepulchra regionum,
Coget omnes ante thronum.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Wondrous sound the trumpet flingeth;
Through earth's sepulchres it ringeth;
All before the throne it bringeth.</poem>
|<poem>The [[Gabriel#Gabriel's horn|trumpet]], scattering a wondrous sound
through the sepulchres of the regions,
will summon all before the [[Throne of God|throne]].</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|IV
|<poem>{{lang|la|Mors stupebit, et natura,
Cum resurget creatura,
Iudicanti responsura.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Death is struck, and nature quaking,
All creation is awaking,
To its Judge an answer making.</poem>
|<poem>Death and nature will marvel,
when the creature will rise again,
to respond to the Judge.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|V
|<poem>{{lang|la|Liber scriptus proferetur,
In quo totum continetur,
Unde mundus iudicetur.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Lo, the book, exactly worded,
Wherein all hath been recorded,
Thence shall judgement be awarded.</poem>
|<poem>The written [[Book of Life|book]] will be brought forth,
in which all is contained,
from which [[Last Judgment|the world shall be judged]].</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|VI
|<poem>{{lang|la|Iudex ergo cum sedebit,
Quidquid latet, apparebit:
Nil inultum remanebit.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>When the Judge his seat attaineth,
And each hidden deed arraigneth,
Nothing unavenged remaineth.</poem>
|<poem>When therefore the Judge will sit,
whatever lies hidden, will appear:
nothing will remain unpunished.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|VII
|<poem>{{lang|la|Quid sum miser tunc dicturus?
Quem patronum rogaturus,
Cum vix iustus sit securus?|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>What shall I, frail man, be pleading?
Who for me be interceding,
When the just are mercy needing?</poem>
|<poem>What then shall I, poor wretch [that I am], say?
Which patron shall I entreat,
when [even] the just may [only] hardly be sure?</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|VIII
|<poem>{{lang|la|Rex tremendæ maiestatis,
Qui salvandos salvas gratis,
Salva me, fons pietatis.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>King of Majesty tremendous,
Who dost free salvation send us,
Fount of pity, then befriend us!</poem>
|<poem>[[Christ the King|King]] of fearsome majesty,
Who saves the redeemed freely,
save me, O fount of mercy.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|IX
|<poem>{{lang|la|Recordare, Iesu pie,
Quod sum causa tuæ viæ:
Ne me perdas illa die.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Think, kind Jesu!{{thinsp|{{mdash}}}}my salvation
Caused Thy wondrous Incarnation;
Leave me not to reprobation.</poem>
|<poem>Remember, merciful Jesus,
that I am the cause of [[Stations of the Cross|Your journey]]:
lest You lose me in that day.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|X
|<poem>{{lang|la|Quærens me, sedisti lassus:
Redemisti Crucem passus:
Tantus labor non sit cassus.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Faint and weary, Thou hast sought me,
On the Cross of suffering bought me.
Shall such grace be vainly brought me?</poem>
|<poem>Seeking me, You rested, tired:
You redeemed [me], having suffered the [[True Cross|Cross]]:
let not [[Passion of Jesus|such hardship]] be in vain.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XI
|<poem>{{lang|la|Iuste Iudex ultionis,
Donum fac remissionis
Ante diem rationis.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Righteous Judge, for sin's pollution
Grant Thy gift of absolution,
Ere the day of retribution.</poem>
|<poem>Just Judge of vengeance,
make a gift of [[Absolution|remission]]
before the day of reckoning.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XII
|<poem>{{lang|la|Ingemisco, tamquam reus:
Culpa rubet vultus meus:
Supplicanti parce, Deus.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Guilty, now I pour my moaning,
All my shame with anguish owning;
Spare, O God, Thy suppliant groaning!</poem>
|<poem>I sigh, like the guilty one:
my face reddens in guilt:
Spare the imploring one, O God.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XIII
|<poem>{{lang|la|Qui Mariam absolvisti,
Et latronem exaudisti,
Mihi quoque spem dedisti.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Through the sinful woman shriven,
Through the dying thief forgiven,
Thou to me a hope hast given.</poem>
|<poem>You Who absolved [[Mary Magdalene|Mary]],
and heard [[penitent thief|the robber]],
gave hope to me also.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XIV
|<poem>{{lang|la|Preces meæ non sunt dignæ:
Sed tu bonus fac benigne,
Ne perenni cremer igne.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Worthless are my prayers and sighing,
Yet, good Lord, in grace complying,
Rescue me from fires undying.</poem>
|<poem>My prayers are not worthy:
but You, [Who are] good, graciously grant
that I [[Christian views on Hell|be not burned up by the everlasting fire]].</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XV
|<poem>{{lang|la|Inter oves locum præsta,
Et ab hædis me sequestra,
Statuens in parte dextra.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>With Thy sheep a place provide me,
From the goats afar divide me,
To Thy right hand do Thou guide me.</poem>
|<poem>[[The Sheep and the Goats|Grant me a place among the sheep]],
and take me out from among the goats,
setting me on the right side.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XVI
|<poem>{{lang|la|Confutatis maledictis,
Flammis acribus addictis,
Voca me cum benedictis.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>When the wicked are confounded,
Doomed to flames of woe unbounded,
Call me with Thy saints surrounded.</poem>
|<poem>Once the cursed have been silenced,
sentenced to acrid flames,
Call me, with the blessed.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XVII
|<poem>{{lang|la|Oro supplex et acclinis,
Cor contritum quasi cinis:
Gere curam mei finis.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Low I kneel, with heart's submission,
See, like ashes, my contrition,
Help me in my last condition.</poem>
|<poem>[Humbly] kneeling and bowed I pray,
[my] heart crushed as ashes:
take care of my end.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XVIII
|<poem>{{lang|la|Lacrimosa dies illa,
Qua resurget ex favílla
Iudicandus homo reus:
Huic ergo parce, Deus:|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Ah! that day of tears and mourning,
From the dust of earth returning
Man for judgement must prepare him,
Spare, O God, in mercy spare him.</poem>
|<poem>Tearful [will be] that day,
on which from the glowing embers will arise
the guilty man who is to be judged:
Then spare him, O God.</poem>
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|XIX
|<poem>{{lang|la|Pie Iesu Domine,
Dona eis requiem. Amen.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Lord, all-pitying, Jesus blest,
Grant them Thine eternal rest. Amen.</poem>
|<poem>Merciful Lord Jesus,
grant them rest. Amen.</poem>
|}

Because the last two stanzas differ markedly in structure from the preceding stanzas, some scholars consider them to be an addition made in order to suit the great poem for liturgical use. The penultimate stanza, {{lang|la|[[Lacrimosa (Requiem)|Lacrimosa]]}}, discards the consistent scheme of rhyming triplets in favour of a pair of rhyming couplets. The last stanza, {{lang|la|[[Pie Jesu|Pie Iesu]]}}, abandons rhyme for [[assonance]], and, moreover, its lines are [[catalectic]].

In the liturgical reforms of 1969–71, stanza 19 was deleted and the poem divided into three sections: 1–6 (for [[Liturgy of the Hours#Major hours|Office of Readings]]), 7–12 (for [[Lauds]]) and 13–18 (for [[Vespers]]). In addition, {{lang|la|"Qui Mariam absolvisti"}} in stanza 13 was replaced by {{lang|la|"Peccatricem qui solvisti"}} so that that line would now mean, "You who absolved the sinful woman". This was because modern scholarship denies the common mediæval identification of the [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|woman taken in adultery]] with Mary Magdalene, so Mary could no longer be named in this verse. In addition, a [[doxology]] is given after stanzas 6, 12 and 18:<ref name=LHIV />

{| class="wikitable"
|- 
!Original
!Approved adaptation
!Dynamic equivalence
|-
|<poem>{{lang|la|O tu, Deus majestatis,
alme candor Trinitatis
nos conjunge cum beatis. Amen.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>O God of majesty
nourishing light of the Trinity
join us with the blessed. Amen.</poem>
|<poem>You, God of majesty,
gracious splendour of the [[Trinity]]
conjoin us with the [[Beatific vision|blessed]]. Amen.</poem>
|}

===Manuscript sources===
The text of the sequence is found, with slight verbal variations, in a 13th-century manuscript in the [[Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III]] at Naples. It is a [[Franciscan]] calendar missal that must date between 1253 and 1255 for it does not contain the name of [[Clare of Assisi]], who was canonized in 1255, and whose name would have been inserted if the manuscript were of later date.

===Inspiration===
A major inspiration of the hymn seems to have come from the [[Vulgate]] translation of [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]] 1:15–16:

{{Verse translation |lang=la
|Dies iræ, dies illa, dies tribulationis et angustiæ, dies calamitatis et miseriæ, dies tenebrarum et caliginis, dies nebulæ et turbinis, dies tubæ et clangoris super civitates munitas et super angulos excelsos.
|That day is a day of wrath, a day of tribulation and distress, a day of calamity and misery, a day of darkness and obscurity, a day of clouds and whirlwinds, a day of the trumpet and alarm against the fenced cities, and against the high bulwarks. ([[Douay–Rheims Bible]])
}}

Other images come from the [[Book of Revelation]], such as {{bibleverse|Revelation|20:11–15}} (the book from which the world will be judged), {{bibleverse|Matthew|25:31–46}} (sheep and goats, right hand, contrast between the blessed and the accursed doomed to flames), {{bibleverse|1 Thessalonians|4:16}} (trumpet), {{bibleverse|2 Peter|3:7}} (heaven and earth burnt by fire), and {{bibleverse|Luke|21:26}} ("men fainting with fear... they will see the Son of Man coming"). 

From the [[Jewish liturgy]], the prayer [[Unetanneh Tokef]] appears to be related: "We shall ascribe holiness to this day, For it is awesome and terrible"; "the great trumpet is sounded", etc.

===Other translations===
A number of English translations of the poem have been written and proposed for liturgical use. A very loose [[Protestantism|Protestant]] version was made by [[John Newton]]; it opens:

{{poemquote|Day of judgment! Day of wonders!
Hark! the trumpet's awful sound,
Louder than a thousand thunders,
Shakes the vast creation round!
How the summons will the sinner's heart confound!}}

[[Jan Kasprowicz]], a Polish poet, wrote a hymn entitled {{lang|la|"Dies iræ"}} which describes the [[Last Judgment|Judgment day]]. The first six lines (two stanzas) follow the original hymn's metre and rhyme structure, and the first stanza translates to "The trumpet will cast a wondrous sound".

The American writer [[Ambrose Bierce]] published a satiric version of the poem in his 1903 book ''Shapes of Clay'', preserving the original metre but using humorous and sardonic language; for example, the second verse is rendered:

{{poemquote|Ah! what terror shall be shaping
When the Judge the truth's undraping&nbsp;–
Cats from every bag escaping!}}

The Rev. Bernard Callan (1750–1804), an Irish priest and poet, translated it into Gaelic around 1800. His version is included in a Gaelic prayer book, ''The Spiritual Rose''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Matthew |url={{GBurl|id=q6JVAAAAcAAJ}} |title=The Spiritual Rose; Or Method Of Saying The Rosaries Of The Most Holy Name Of Jesus And The Blessed Virgin, With Their Litanies: Also The Meditations And Prayers, Adapted To the Holy Way Of The Cross, &c. |date=1825 |publisher=Greacen, Printer |location=[[Monaghan]] |oclc=299179233 |ol=26201026M |access-date=2022-03-16 |via=[[Google Books]] |lang=en,Irish}}</ref>

===Literary references===
* [[Walter Scott]] used the first two stanzas in the sixth canto of his narrative poem "[[The Lay of the Last Minstrel]]" (1805).
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] used the first, the sixth and the seventh stanza of the hymn in the scene "[[Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy#Cathedral|Cathedral]]" in the first part of his drama ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'' (1808).
* [[Oscar Wilde]]'s "[[:s:Sonnet: On Hearing the Dies Iræ Sung in the Sistine Chapel|Sonnet on Hearing the Dies Iræ Sung in the Sistine Chapel]]" (''Poems'', 1881), contrasts the "terrors of red flame and thundering" depicted in the hymn with images of "life and love".
* In [[Gaston Leroux]]'s 1910 novel ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (novel)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'', Erik (the Phantom) has the chant displayed on the wall of his funereal bedroom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leroux |first=Gaston |url={{GBurl|OTcmIoJPZ8cC}} |title=The Phantom of the Opera |date=1911 |publisher=[[Grosset & Dunlap]] |isbn=9780758318008 |location=[[New York City]] |page=164 |oclc=4373384 |author-link=Gaston Leroux |access-date=2022-03-15 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
* It is the inspiration for the title and major theme of the 1964 novel {{lang|la|[[Deus Irae|Deus Iræ]]}} by [[Philip K. Dick]] and [[Roger Zelazny]]. The English translation is used verbatim in Dick's novel ''[[Ubik]]'' two years later.