Editing Discovery Program (section)

===Standalone missions===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Standalone Discovery Program missions
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Targets<!-- 
! scope="col" | Primary investigator -->
! scope="col" | Launch date
! scope="col" | Rocket
! scope="col" | Launch mass
! scope="col" | First science
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Principal investigator
! scope="col" | Cost <br>(million USD)

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 1
! [[NEAR Shoemaker]]
| '''[[433 Eros]]''' (lander), [[253 Mathilde]]
| February 17, 1996
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7925-8
| {{convert| 800|kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| June 1997
| {{success|Completed in 2001}}
| Andrew Cheng <br>([[Applied Physics Laboratory|APL]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-008A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
| 224<br>(2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://near.jhuapl.edu/intro/faq.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Near.jhuapl.edu |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | ''Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker'' (named after [[Eugene Shoemaker]]) was the first man-made object to both orbit and land on an asteroid. It carried many scientific instruments designed to study both [[253 Mathilde]] and [[433 Eros]], such as a magnetometer, multi spectral imager, and an x-ray/gamma ray spectrometer. After a February 17, 1996, launch, it performed a flyby of [[253 Mathilde]] on June 27, 1997, and an Earth flyby in 1998. It flew by [[433 Eros]] once in 1998, before a second approach allowed it to enter orbit around Eros of February 14, 2000. After nearly a year of orbital observations, the spacecraft was landed on the asteroid on February 12, 2001, and  continued to function successfully after touching down softly at under 2&nbsp;m/s, becoming the first probe to soft-land on an asteroid. The probe continued to emit signals until February 28, 2001, and the final attempt to communicate with the spacecraft was on December 10, 2002.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=In Depth {{!}} NEAR Shoemaker|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/near-shoemaker/in-depth/|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[NASA]]|date=December 20, 2017 }}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 2
! [[Mars Pathfinder]]
| '''[[Mars]]''' (rover)
| December 4, 1996 
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7925
| {{convert| 890 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| July 4, 1997
| {{success|Completed in 1998}}
| Joseph Boyce<br> ([[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]])
| 265<br>(1998)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-068A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | [[Mars Pathfinder]] was a lander and rover designed to study [[Mars]]'s geology and climate, as well as to demonstrate rover technology on another planet. It launched about a month after the [[Mars Global Surveyor]], on December 4, 1996. After entering the Martian atmosphere, the hypersonic capsule deployed a complex landing system including a parachute and an airbag to hit the surface at 14&nbsp;m/s. The lander deployed the [[Sojourner rover|''Sojourner'' rover]], weighing (10.5&nbsp;kg), on the Martian surface on July 5, 1997, on Mars's [[Ares Vallis]], thus becoming the first rover to operate outside the Earth-Moon system. It carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. It completed its primary and extended mission and after over 80 days, the last signal was sent on September 27, 1997. The mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Depth {{!}} Mars Pathfinder|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-pathfinder/in-depth/|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[NASA]]|date=December 20, 2017 }}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 3
! [[Lunar Prospector]]
| '''[[Moon]]'''
| January 7, 1998
| [[Athena II]] <br>{{nowrap|[Star-3700S]}}
| {{convert| 296 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| January 16, 1998
| {{success|Completed in 1999}}
| Alan Binder<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-001A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
| 63<br>(1998)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/TECH/9801/11/space.probe/index.html |title=U.S. space probe moving into lunar orbit – January 11, 1998 |publisher=CNN |access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref>

|-
| colspan="9" | [[Lunar Prospector]] was a lunar orbiter to characterize the lunar mineralogy, including polar ice deposits, measure magnetic and gravitational fields, and study lunar outgassing events. After preliminary mappings, it achieved the targeted primary Lunar orbit on January 16. The primary mission in this orbit lasted one year until January 28, 1999, followed up by a half-year extended mission in a lower orbit for higher resolution. On July 31, 1999, it deliberately impacted into the [[Shoemaker (lunar crater)|Shoemaker]] crater near the Lunar South pole in an attempt to produce water vapor plumes that would be observable from Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prospector Mission Overview|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/prospector/overview/index.shtml|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunarprosp.html |title=Lunar Prospector Information |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4"/>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 4
! ''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]''
| '''[[81P/Wild]]''' (sample collect), [[5535 Annefrank]], [[Tempel 1]]
| February 7, 1999
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7426-9.5
| {{convert| 391 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| November 2, 2002
| {{success|Completed in 2011}}
| [[Donald Brownlee]] <br>([[University of Washington|UW]])
| 200<br>(2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-003A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]] was a mission to collect interstellar dust and dust particles from the nucleus of comet [[81P/Wild]] for study on [[Earth]]. After a flyby of Earth and then of asteroid [[5535 Annefrank]] in November 2002, it performed a flyby of comet Wild 2 in January 2004, during which the Sample Collection plate collected dust grain samples from the [[coma (cometary)|coma]]. Samples were stored in a return capsule which landed on Earth on January 15, 2006. Scientists worldwide are currently studying the comet dust samples while citizen scientists are attempting to find interstellar dust bits through the [[Stardust@home]] project, and in 2014, scientists announced the identification of possible [[interstellar dust]] particles. Meanwhile, the spacecraft  was diverted for a flyby of [[Tempel 1]] comet, as part of [[Stardust (spacecraft)#New Exploration of Tempel 1 (NExT)|Stardust-NExT]] extension, to observe the crater left by ''Deep Impact''. Stardust did a final burn to deplete its remaining fuel on March 21, 2011''.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA's Stardust: Good to the Last Drop |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stardust/news/stardust20110323.html |website=NASA.gov |publisher=NASA |access-date=April 17, 2016 |language=en |date=April 20, 2015 |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609011904/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stardust/news/stardust20110323.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>''

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 5
! ''[[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]]''
| '''[[Solar wind]]''' (collect at Sun–Earth L<sub>1</sub>)
| August 8, 2001
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7326
| {{convert| 494 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}(dry)
| December 3, 2001
| {{success|Completed in 2004}}
| Donald Burnett <br>([[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]])<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-034A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
| 209<br>(2004)<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
|-
| colspan="9" | [[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]] was a mission to collect [[solar wind]] charged particles for analysis on Earth. After reaching L<sub>1</sub> orbit on November 16, 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Genesis - Sun Missions|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/genesis|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[NASA]]}}</ref> it collected solar wind for 850 days between 2001 and 2004. It left [[Lissajous orbit]] and began its return to Earth on April 22, 2004,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Genesis : Search for Origins.|url=https://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/gm2/mission/history.htm|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref> but on September 8, 2004, the sample-return capsule's parachute failed to deploy, and the capsule crashed into the Utah desert. However, solar wind samples were salvaged and are available for study. Despite the hard landing, ''Genesis'' has met or anticipates meeting all of its baseline science objectives.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Genesis Mishap Investigation Board Report Volume I|url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/149414main_Genesis_MIB.pdf|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[NASA]]}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 6
! [[CONTOUR]]
| [[Comet Encke|Encke]], [[Schwassmann-Wachmann-3]]
| July 3, 2002
| [[Delta II]] 7425 <br>[Star-30BP]
| {{convert| 398 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| —
| {{failure|Disintegrated <br>after launch}}
| [[Joseph Veverka]] <br>([[Cornell University|Cornell]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-034A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
| 154<br> (1997)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Isbell|first=Douglas|date=20 October 1997|title=MISSIONS TO GATHER SOLAR WIND SAMPLES AND TOUR THREE COMETS SELECTED AS NEXT DISCOVERY PROGRAM FLIGHTS|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/discovery_pr_971020.txt|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[NASA]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | ''Comet Nucleus Tour'' was a mission to visit and study at least 2 comets. On August 15, 2002, the spacecraft disintegrated during a planned maneuver that was intended to propel it out of Earth orbit and into its comet-chasing solar orbit. The investigation board concluded the probable cause was structural failure of the spacecraft due to plume heating during the Star-30 solid-rocket motor burn.<ref name="History" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nasa.gov/lib/presentations/pdf/mishap_board_report_503.pdf |title=CONTOUR Mishap Investigation Board Report |publisher=NASA |date=May 21, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103182107/http://discovery.nasa.gov/lib/presentations/pdf/mishap_board_report_503.pdf |archive-date=January 3, 2006 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 7
! ''[[MESSENGER]]''
| '''[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]''', [[Venus]]
| August 3, 2004
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7925H-9.5
| {{convert| 1,108 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| August 2005
| {{success|Completed in 2015}}
| [[Sean Solomon]]<br>([[Applied Physics Laboratory|APL]])<ref name="autogenerated2004">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-030A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
| 450<br>(2015)<ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Wall |url=https://spacenews.com/nasas-long-lived-messenger-probe-slams-into-mercury/ |title=NASA's Long-lived MESSENGER Probe Slams into Mercury |publisher=Spacenews.com |date= April 30, 2015|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | ''Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging'' was an orbiter which conducted the first orbital study of Mercury. Its science goals were to provide the first images of the entire planet and collect detailed information on the composition and structure of Mercury's crust, its geologic history, the nature of its thin atmosphere and active magnetosphere, and the makeup of its core and polar materials. It was only the second spacecraft to flyby Mercury, after [[Mariner 10]] in 1975. After one Earth flyby, two of Venus and three of Mercury, it finally entered orbit around Mercury on March 18, 2011. The primary science mission began on April 4, 2011, and lasted until March 17, 2012. It achieved 100% mapping of Mercury on March 6, 2013, and completed its first year-long extended mission on March 17, 2013. After another mission extension, the spacecraft ran out of propellant and was deorbited on April 30, 2015.<ref>[https://www.space.com/29281-messenger-spacecraft-mercury-crash.html Farewell, MESSENGER! NASA Probe Crashes Into Mercury]. Mike Wall. ''Space News'' April 30, 2015.</ref><ref name="autogenerated2004"/>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 8
! ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]''
| '''[[Tempel 1]]''' (impactor), [[103P/Hartley]]
| January 12, 2005
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7925
| {{convert| 650 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| April 25, 2005
| {{success|Completed in 2013}}
| [[Michael A'Hearn]] <br>([[University of Maryland, College Park|UMD]])<ref name="autogenerated2005">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-001A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
| 330<br>(2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/space/07/04/deep.impact/ |title=Deep Impact probe hits comet – Jul 4, 2005 |publisher=CNN.com |date=2005-07-04 |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | [[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]] was a space probe launched with the goal to both flyby and impact the comet [[Tempel 1]]. It was launched from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]] on January 12, 2005. The spacecraft released a 350&nbsp;kg impactor into the path of comet [[Tempel 1]] on July 3, 2005, and the impact occurred on July 4, 2005, releasing an energy equivalent of 4.7 tons of [[TNT]]. The resulting impact plume was observed by the spacecraft and other space-based observatories. The 2007 Stardust spacecraft NExT mission determined the resulting crater's diameter to be 150 meters (490&nbsp;ft). After the successful completion of its mission, the main spacecraft was put in hibernation before being reactivated for a new mission designated [[EPOXI]]. On November 4, 2010, it performed a flyby of comet [[103P/Hartley|Hartley 2]].<ref name="autogenerated2005"/> In 2012 it performed long-distance observations of comet Garradd [[Gordon J. Garradd|C/2009 P1]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Farnham|first1=Tony|last2=Bodewits|first2=D.|last3=A'Hearn|first3=M.F|last4=Feaga|first4=L.M|title=Deep Impact MRI Observations Of Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1)|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012DPS....4450605F/abstract|access-date=20 February 2021|journal=[[Astrophysics Data System]]|year=2012|volume=44|pages=506.05|bibcode=2012DPS....4450605F}}</ref> and in 2013 of [[Comet ISON]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deep Impact Images Spectacular incoming Comet ISON – Curiosity & NASA Armada Will Try|url=https://www.universetoday.com/99777/deep-impact-images-spectacular-incoming-comet-ison-curiosity-nasa-armada-will-try/#more-99777|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[Universe Today]]|date=February 6, 2013}}</ref> Contact was abruptly lost in August 2013, later attributed to a [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K]]-like integer overflow software bug.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vergano|first=Dan|date=20 September 2013|title=NASA Declares End to Deep Impact Comet Mission|work=[[National Geographic]]|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/130920-deep-impact-ends-comet-mission-nasa-jpl#:~:text=After%20a%20month%20of%20attempts,%2C%22%20said%20A%27Hearn.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305013113/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/130920-deep-impact-ends-comet-mission-nasa-jpl#:~:text=After%20a%20month%20of%20attempts,%2C%22%20said%20A%27Hearn.|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2021|access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 9
! ''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]''
| [[4 Vesta]], '''[[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]'''
| September 27, 2007 
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7925H
| {{convert| 1,218 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| May 3, 2011
| {{success|Completed in 2018}}
| [[Christopher T. Russell]] ([[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-043A |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
| 472<br> (2015)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hotz|first=Robert|date=6 March 2015|title=NASA's Dawn Spacecraft Orbits Dwarf Planet Ceres|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nasas-dawn-spacecraft-orbits-dwarf-planet-ceres-1425654292|access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | ''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]'' was the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies, the two most massive objects of the [[asteroid belt]]: the [[protoplanet]] [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] and the [[dwarf planet]] [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]. The spacecraft employed highly efficient [[ion thrusters]], with just 425&nbsp;kg of [[xenon]] for the entire mission after escaping Earth. After a 2009 Mars flyby, it entered orbit around Vesta on July 16, 2011. It entered its lowest Vesta orbit on December 8, 2011, and after a year-long Vesta mission of observing surface terrain and mineral composition, left its orbit on September 5, 2012. It entered Ceres's orbit on March 6, 2015, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a [[dwarf planet]], and began its lowest orbit on December 16. In June 2016 it was approved for an extended mission at Ceres.<ref name="NewSci2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2012/09/asteroid-hopping-spacecraft-ma.html |title=Dawn departs Vesta to become first asteroid hopper |first=Jacob |last=Aron |work=[[New Scientist]] |date=September 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907134311/http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2012/09/asteroid-hopping-spacecraft-ma.html |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dawn_timetable">{{cite web|title=DAWN – A Journey to the Beginning of the Solar System |work=Dawn Mission Timeline |publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |url=http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/timeline.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019233834/http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/timeline.asp |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> On October 19, 2017, NASA announced that the mission would be extended until its hydrazine fuel ran out,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Landau|first=Elizabeth|date=19 October 2017|title=Dawn Mission Extended at Ceres|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/dawn-mission-extended-at-ceres|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref> which occurred on October 31, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Dwayne|last2=Wendel|first2=Joanna|last3=McCartney|first3=Gretchen|date=1 November 2018|title=NASA's Dawn Mission to Asteroid Belt Comes to End|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-dawn-mission-to-asteroid-belt-comes-to-end|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref> The spacecraft is currently in an uncontrolled orbit around Ceres.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2019|title=A mountain on dwarf planet Ceres|url=https://earthsky.org/space/mountain-ceres-ahuna-mon-image#:~:text=Dawn%20%E2%80%93%20the%20first%20spacecraft%20ever,around%20Ceres%20to%20this%20day.|access-date=20 February 2021|website=EarthSky}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 10
! [[Kepler space telescope]]
| transiting [[exoplanet]] survey
| March 7, 2009
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7925-10L
| {{convert| 1,052 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| May 12, 2009
| {{success|Completed in 2018}}
| [[William Borucki]] <br>([[Ames Research Center|NASA Ames]])
| 640<br>(2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/telescopes/a9565/all-about-tess-nasas-next-planet-finder-16097391/ |title=All About TESS, NASA's Next Planet Finder |publisher=Popularmechanics.com |date=2013-10-30 |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | [[Kepler space telescope|Kepler]] was a [[space observatory]] named after [[Johannes Kepler]] in a heliocentric, Earth-trailing orbit tasked to explore the structure and diversity of [[exoplanet]] systems, with a special emphasis on the detection of Earth-size planets in orbit around stars outside the Solar System.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Koch |first1=David |last2=Gould |first2=Alan |title=Kepler Mission |url=http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306190326/http://kepler.arc.nasa.gov/ |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially planned for 3.5 years, the spacecraft functioned for about 10 years, including a ''K2'' "Second Light" mission extension with reduced precision owing to failing [[Reaction wheel|reaction wheels]]. By 2015, the spacecraft had detected over 2,300 confirmed planets,<ref name="NASA-20150106">{{cite web|last1=Clavin|first1=Whitney|last2=Chou|first2=Felicia|last3=Johnson|first3=Michele|title=NASA's Kepler Marks 1,000th Exoplanet Discovery, Uncovers More Small Worlds in Habitable Zones|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2015-003|date=January 6, 2015|work=[[NASA]]|access-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Alien Earth' is among eight new far-off planets|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30705517|date=January 7, 2015|work=BBC|access-date=January 7, 2015}}</ref> including [[hot Jupiter]]s, [[super-Earth]]s, [[circumbinary planet]]s, and planets located in the [[circumstellar habitable zone]]s of their host stars. In addition, ''Kepler'' detected over 3,600 unconfirmed planet candidates<ref name="wall-2013">{{cite news|url=http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/index.html|title=NASA Exoplanet archive|date=September 5, 2013|agency=TechMediaNetwork|access-date=June 15, 2013|author=Wall, Mike}}</ref><ref name="keplersite">{{cite web|title=NASA – Kepler|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html|access-date=February 26, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105082102/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html|archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> and over 2,000 [[eclipsing binary star]]s.<ref name=keplersite/> The telescope was retired on October 30, 2018, after depleting its fuel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/10/kepler-retired-after-running-out-of-fuel/|title=Kepler – NASA's planet-hunting spacecraft – retired after running out of fuel|date=October 30, 2018|website=NASASpaceflight.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-31}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 11
! [[Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory|GRAIL]]
| '''[[Moon]]''' 
| September 10, 2011
| [[Delta II]]<br> 7920H-10C
| {{convert| 307 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| March 7, 2012
| {{success|Completed in 2012}}
| [[Maria Zuber]] <br>([[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]])
| 496 <br>(2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Launch|url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/582116main_GRAIL_launch_press_kit.pdf|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[NASA]]|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152202/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/582116main_GRAIL_launch_press_kit.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | ''Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory'' was a Moon orbiter that provided higher-quality [[gravitational field]] mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure.<ref name="LaunchCBS">{{cite web |last=Harwood |first=William |title=NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-launches-grail-lunar-probes/ |work=CBS News |date=September 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911193237/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/10/scitech/main20104282.shtml |archive-date=September 11, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The two small spacecraft ''GRAIL A (Ebb)'' and ''GRAIL B (Flow)'' separated soon after the launch and entered Lunar orbits on December 31, 2011, and January 1, 2012, respectively. The primary scientific phase was achieved in May 2012. After the extended mission phase, the two spacecraft impacted the Moon on December 17, 2012. MoonKAM (Moon Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students) was an education related sub-program and instrument of this mission.<ref>{{cite web |title=About GRAIL MoonKAM |url=http://www.grailmoonkam.com/about |publisher=Sally Ride Science |date=2010 |access-date=April 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427105214/http://www.grailmoonkam.com/about |archive-date=April 27, 2010  }}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 12
! ''[[InSight]]''
| '''[[Mars]]''' (lander)
| May 5, 2018
| [[Atlas V]]<br> (401)
| {{convert| 721 |kg|disp=br()|abbr=on}}
| November 2018
| {{success|Completed in 2022}}
| [[W. Bruce Banerdt]] <br>([[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]])
| 830<br>(2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-approves-2018-launch-of-mars-insight-mission |title=NASA Approves 2018 Launch of Mars InSight Mission &#124; NASA |date=September 2, 2016 |publisher=Nasa.gov |access-date=2018-05-02 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230195231/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-approves-2018-launch-of-mars-insight-mission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | ''Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport'' is a 358&nbsp;kg lander reusing technology from the Mars [[Phoenix lander]]. It was intended to study the interior structure and composition of Mars as well as to detect [[Marsquake]]s and other seismic activity, advancing understanding of the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=NASA |date=August 20, 2012 |title=New NASA Mission to Take First Look Deep Inside Mars |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mars20120820.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822070713/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mars20120820.html |archive-date=August 22, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Measuring the Pulse of Mars|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/spacecraft/instruments/seis/|access-date=6 March 2021|website=mars.nasa.gov|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> Its launch was delayed from 2016 to May 2018.<ref name=delay>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-suspends-2016-launch-of-insight-mission-to-mars |title=NASA Suspends 2016 Launch of InSight Mission to Mars |date=December 22, 2015}}</ref> The lander touched down successfully on November 26, 2018, at a site about 600&nbsp;km (370&nbsp;mi) from the [[Curiosity rover]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=November 26, 2018|title=Mars: Nasa lands InSight robot to study planet's interior|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46351114|access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> It detected its first possible quake on April 6, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alexandra|first=Witze|date=24 April 2019|title=First "Marsquake" Detected on Red Planet|work=[[Scientific American]]|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/first-marsquake-detected-on-red-planet1/|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Dust accumulating on the lander's solar arrays gradually reduced available power over the course of the mission, and contact was lost on December 15, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA InSight – Dec. 19, 2022 – Mars InSight |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/insight/2022/12/19/nasa-insight-dec-19-2022/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |date=December 19, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 13
! ''[[Lucy (spacecraft)|Lucy]]''
| '''[[Jupiter trojan]]s'''
| October 16, 2021
| [[Atlas V]] <br> 401<ref name="Lucy_launch">{{cite web |title=NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Lucy Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-launch-services-contract-for-lucy-mission |publisher=NASA |access-date=23 January 2020|date=January 31, 2019 }}</ref>
|1,550&nbsp;kg (3,417 lb)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dunbar|first=Brian|date=3 December 2020|editor-last=Hille|editor-first=Karl|title=The Lucy Spacecraft and Payload|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/lucy-spacecraft-and-payload|access-date=6 March 2021|website=nasa.gov|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423081253/https://www.nasa.gov/content/lucy-spacecraft-and-payload/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 2025 
| {{success|'''En route'''}}
| [[Harold F. Levison]] <br>([[Southwest Research Institute|SwRI]])
| 450<ref name="spaceflightnow1">{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/05/26/earlier-launch-of-nasas-psyche-mission-touted-as-cost-saving-measure/ |title=Earlier launch of NASA's Psyche mission touted as cost-saving measure – Spaceflight Now |publisher=Spaceflightnow.com |access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>+ 148<ref name="psyche">{{Cite news|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=28 February 2020|title=Falcon Heavy to launch NASA Psyche asteroid mission|work=[[SpaceNews]]|url=https://spacenews.com/falcon-heavy-to-launch-nasa-psyche-asteroid-mission/|access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="9" | [[Lucy (spacecraft)|Lucy]] is a space probe that will study multiple [[Jupiter trojan]] asteroids. Named after the hominin [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]], it will tour six [[Trojan asteroids]] in order to better understand the [[formation and evolution of the Solar System]].<ref name="jobs">{{cite journal |author=jobs |title=Five Solar System sights NASA should visit: Nature News & Comment |issue=7543 |pages=274–5 |journal=Nature News |volume=519 |date=March 16, 2015 |doi=10.1038/519274a |pmid=25788076 |s2cid=4468466 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It was launched in October 2021.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/sbag/meetings/jan2016/presentations/Levison.pdf| title=Lucy: Surveying the Diversity of Trojan Asteroids| last=Levison| first=Hal| date=January 2017|access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref> Lucy will make two Earth flybys before arriving at Jupiter's L4 Trojan cloud in 2027 to visit [[3548 Eurybates]] (with its satellite), [[15094 Polymele]], [[11351 Leucus]], and [[21900 Orus]]. After an Earth flyby, ''Lucy'' will arrive at the L5 Trojan cloud (trails behind Jupiter) to visit the [[617 Patroclus]]−Menoetius binary in 2033. It will also fly by the inner main-belt asteroid [[52246 Donaldjohanson]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garner|first=Rob|date=3 December 2020|title=Lucy: The First Mission to the Trojan Asteroids|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lucy/overview/index|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[NASA]]|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206213030/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lucy/overview/index|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 14
! ''[[Psyche (spacecraft)|Psyche]]''
| '''[[16 Psyche]]'''
| October 13, 2023
| [[Falcon Heavy]]
|2,608&nbsp;kg
| 2029
| {{success|'''En route'''}}
| [[Lindy Elkins-Tanton]] <br>([[Arizona State University|ASU]])
| 450<ref name="spaceflightnow1"/>+ 117<ref name=psyche/>
|-
| colspan="9" |''[[Psyche (spacecraft)|Psyche]]'' is an orbiter that will travel to and study the asteroid [[16 Psyche]], the most massive metallic asteroid in the [[asteroid belt]], thought to be the exposed iron core of a protoplanet.<ref name="hou.usra.edu">[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1253.pdf Journey to a Metal World: Concept for a Discovery Mission to Psyche]. (PDF) 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014).</ref> Launched on 13 October 2023, it will arrive in 2029.<ref name="jpl-20221028">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/13/world/psyche-metal-asteroid-nasa-launch-scn/index.html |title=Psyche mission launches as NASA's first trip to a metal world |work=[[JPL]] |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> It carries an imager, a magnetometer, and a gamma-ray spectrometer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psyche Spacecraft Instruments & Science Investigations|url=https://psyche.asu.edu/mission/instruments-science-investigations/|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[Arizona State University|ASU]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |15
![[DAVINCI]]
|'''[[Venus]]'''
|2031–2032
|
|
||
| {{planned|In development}}
|
|500<ref name=":4" />
|-
| colspan="9" |''Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble Gases, Chemistry, and Imaging'' is an atmospheric probe that will study the chemical composition of Venus's atmosphere during descent. These measurements are important to understanding the origin of the Venusian atmosphere, how it has evolved, and how and why it is different from Earth and Mars. ''DAVINCI''<nowiki/>'s measurements will reveal the history of [[water on Venus]] and the chemical processes at work in the unexplored lower atmosphere. Before it reaches the surface, the ''DAVINCI'' probe will take the first ever photos of the planet's intriguing, ridged terrain (“[[Tessera (Venus)|tesserae]]”) to explore its origin and tectonic, volcanic, and weathering history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Neal Jones |first=Nancy |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/nasa-s-davinci-mission-to-take-the-plunge-through-massive-atmosphere-of-venus |title=NASA's DAVINCI Mission To Take the Plunge Through Massive Atmosphere of Venus |work=[[NASA]] |date=June 2, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref><ref name="verge-20210602" /> The launch is planned for 2031–2032.<ref name="aas-20240325">{{cite web |last=Devarakonda |first=Yaswant |url=https://aas.org/posts/advocacy/2024/03/fy25-presidential-budget-request-nasa |title=The FY25 Presidential Budget Request for NASA |work=[[American Astronomical Society]] |date=25 March 2024 |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |16
![[VERITAS (spacecraft)|VERITAS]]
|'''[[Venus]]'''
|2031
|
|
||
| {{planned|In development}}
|
|500<ref name=":4" />
|-
| colspan="9" |''Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy'' is an orbiter mission that will map the surface of Venus with high resolution. A combination of topography, near-infrared [[spectroscopy]], and radar image measurements would provide knowledge of Venus's tectonic and impact history, gravity, geochemistry, the timing and mechanisms of [[Volcanism on Venus|volcanic resurfacing]], and the mantle processes responsible for them. The launch is planned for 2031.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Jeff Foust |user=jeff_foust |number=1641078389963366401 |title=In a presentation at Space Science Week, Sue Smrekar says the earliest VERITAS can now launch is late 2029, which she argues is preferable over 2031 to deconflict with DAVINCI and EnVision and lower overall cost. Need "modest" bridge funding in FY23 and 24 to do so. |date=30 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="space-20221104">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-problems-psyche-venus-probe-veritas-launch-delay |title=Problems with NASA asteroid mission Psyche delay Venus probe's launch to 2031 |work=[[Space.com]] |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="verge-20210602">{{cite web |last=Roulette |first=Joey |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/2/22465588/nasa-mission-to-venus-davinci-veritas-discovery-program |title=NASA will send two missions to Venus for the first time in over 30 years |work=[[The Verge]] |date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref>
|}