Editing Discrete cosine transform (section)

===General applications===
The DCT is widely used in many applications, which include the following.

{{columns-list|colwidth=50em|
*[[Audio signal processing]] — [[audio coding]], [[audio data compression]] (lossy and lossless),<ref name="Ochoa129">{{cite book |last1=Ochoa-Dominguez |first1=Humberto |last2=Rao |first2=K. R. |author2-link=K. R. Rao |title=Discrete Cosine Transform, Second Edition |date=2019 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781351396486 |pages=1–3, 129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVOWDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> [[surround sound]],<ref name="Luo"/> [[Acoustic echo cancellation|acoustic echo]] and [[adaptive feedback cancellation|feedback cancellation]], [[phoneme]] recognition, [[time-domain aliasing cancellation]] (TDAC)<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Digital audio]]<ref name="Stankovic"/>
**[[Digital radio]] — [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]] (DAB+),<ref name="Britanak"/> [[HD Radio]]<ref name="Jones">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Graham A. |last2=Layer |first2=David H. |last3=Osenkowsky |first3=Thomas G. |title=National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook: NAB Engineering Handbook |date=2013 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-136-03410-7 |pages=558–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9N1TVhf82YC&pg=PA558}}</ref>
**[[Speech processing]] — [[speech coding]]<ref name="Hersent"/><ref name="AppleInsider standards 1"/> [[speech recognition]], [[voice activity detection]] (VAD)<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Digital telephony]] — [[voice over IP]] (VoIP),<ref name="Hersent"/> [[mobile telephony]], [[video telephony]],<ref name="AppleInsider standards 1"/> [[teleconferencing]], [[videoconferencing]]<ref name="Stankovic"/>
*[[Biometrics]] — [[fingerprint]] orientation, [[facial recognition systems]], biometric [[digital watermarking|watermarking]], fingerprint-based biometric watermarking, [[palm print]] identification/recognition<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Face detection]] — [[facial recognition system|facial recognition]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Computers]] and the [[Internet]] — the [[World Wide Web]], [[social media]],<ref name="Atlantic"/><ref name="epfl"/> [[Internet video]]<ref name="Encodes"/>
**[[Network bandwidth]] usage reducation<ref name="Stankovic"/>
*[[Consumer electronics]]<ref name="Ochoa"/> — [[multimedia]] systems,<ref name="Stankovic"/> multimedia [[telecommunication]] devices,<ref name="Stankovic"/> consumer devices<ref name="Encodes"/>
*[[Cryptography]] — [[encryption]], [[steganography]], [[copyright]] protection<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Data compression]] — [[transform coding]], [[lossy compression]], [[lossless compression]]<ref name="Ochoa129"/>
**[[Encoding]] operations — [[Quantization (signal processing)|quantization]], perceptual weighting, [[entropy encoding]], [[variable bitrate encoding]]<ref name="Stankovic"/>
*[[Digital media]]<ref name="Lee"/> — [[digital distribution]]<ref name="Bitmovin"/>
**[[Streaming media]]<ref name="Lee"/> — [[streaming audio]], [[streaming video]], [[streaming television]], [[video-on-demand]] (VOD)<ref name="Lea"/>
*[[Forgery detection]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Geophysical]] [[transient electromagnetics]] (transient EM)<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Image]]s — [[artist]] identification,<ref name="Ochoa">{{cite book |last1=Ochoa-Dominguez |first1=Humberto |last2=Rao |first2=K. R. |author2-link=K. R. Rao |title=Discrete Cosine Transform, Second Edition |date=2019 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781351396486 |pages=1–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref> [[Focus (optics)|focus]] and [[Bokeh|blurriness]] measure,<ref name="Ochoa"/> [[feature extraction]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Color]] formatting — formatting [[luminance]] and color differences, color formats (such as [[YUV444]] and [[YUV411]]), [[Encoding|decoding]] operations such as the inverse operation between display color formats ([[YIQ]], [[YUV]], [[RGB]])<ref name="Stankovic"/>
**[[Digital imaging]] — [[digital image]]s, [[digital camera]]s, [[digital photography]],<ref name="Atlantic"/><ref name="epfl"/> [[high-dynamic-range imaging]] (HDR imaging)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ochoa-Dominguez |first1=Humberto |last2=Rao |first2=K. R. |title=Discrete Cosine Transform, Second Edition |date=2019 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781351396486 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186}}</ref>
**[[Image compression]]<ref name="Ochoa"/><ref name="McKernan58"/> — [[image file format]]s,<ref name="Baraniuk"/> [[2D-plus-depth|multiview image]] compression, [[Progressive JPEG|progressive image]] transmission<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Image processing]] — [[digital image processing]],<ref name="Stankovic"/> [[image analysis]], [[content-based image retrieval]], [[corner detection]], directional block-wise [[Sparse approximation|image representation]], [[edge detection]], [[image enhancement]], [[image fusion]], [[image segmentation]], [[interpolation]], [[image noise]] level estimation, mirroring, rotation, [[Just-noticeable difference|just-noticeable distortion]] (JND) profile, [[spatiotemporal]] masking effects, [[foveated imaging]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Image quality]] assessment — DCT-based quality degradation metric (DCT QM)<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Image reconstruction]] — directional [[image texture|textures]] auto inspection, image restoration, [[inpainting]], [[photo recovery|visual recovery]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Medical technology]]
**[[Electrocardiography]] (ECG) — [[vectorcardiography]] (VCG)<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Medical imaging]] — medical image compression, image fusion, watermarking, [[brain tumor]] [[brain compression|compression]] classification<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Pattern recognition]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Region of interest]] (ROI) extraction<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Signal processing]] — [[digital signal processing]], [[digital signal processor]]s (DSP), DSP [[software]], [[multiplexing]], [[signaling]], control signals, [[analog-to-digital conversion]] (ADC),<ref name="Stankovic"/> [[compressive sampling]], DCT pyramid [[error concealment]], [[downsampling]], [[upsampling]], [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR) estimation, [[transmux]], [[Wiener filter]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Complex cepstrum]] feature analysis<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**DCT [[Filter (signal processing)|filtering]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Surveillance]]<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*Vehicular [[event data recorder]] camera<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Video]]
**[[Digital cinema]]<ref name="McKernan58">{{cite book |last1=McKernan |first1=Brian |title=Digital cinema: the revolution in cinematography, postproduction, distribution |date=2005 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |isbn=978-0-07-142963-4 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vBTAAAAMAAJ |quote=DCT is used in most of the compression systems standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), is the dominant technology for image compression. In particular, it is the core technology of MPEG-2, the system used for DVDs, digital television broadcasting, that has been used for many of the trials of digital cinema.}}</ref> — [[digital cinematography]], [[digital movie camera]]s, [[video editing]], [[film editing]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ascher |first1=Steven |last2=Pincus |first2=Edward |title=The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age: Fifth Edition |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-61380-1 |pages=246–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp4KMKwnYVoC&pg=PA246}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bertalmio |first1=Marcelo |title=Image Processing for Cinema |date=2014 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-1-4398-9928-1 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mnNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95}}</ref> [[Dolby Digital]] audio<ref name="Stankovic"/><ref name="Luo"/>
**[[Digital television]] (DTV)<ref name="Barbero"/> — [[digital television broadcasting]],<ref name="McKernan58"/> [[standard-definition television]] (SDTV), [[high-definition TV]] (HDTV),<ref name="Barbero"/><ref name="Shishikui"/> HDTV [[Video decoder|encoder/decoder chips]], [[ultra HDTV]] (UHDTV)<ref name="Stankovic"/>
**[[Digital video]]<ref name="Ghanbari"/><ref name="Lee1995"/> — [[digital versatile disc]] (DVD),<ref name="McKernan58"/> [[high-definition video|high-definition]] (HD) video<ref name="Barbero"/><ref name="Shishikui"/> 
**[[Video coding]] — [[video compression]],<ref name="Stankovic"/> [[video coding standards]],<ref name="Ochoa"/> [[motion estimation]], [[motion compensation]], [[inter-frame]] prediction, [[motion vector]]s,<ref name="Stankovic"/> [[Stereoscopic video coding|3D video coding]], local distortion detection probability (LDDP) model, [[moving object detection]], [[Multiview Video Coding]] (MVC)<ref name="Ochoa"/>
**[[Video processing]] — [[motion analysis]], 3D-DCT motion analysis, [[video content analysis]], [[data extraction]],<ref name="Ochoa"/> [[video browsing]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=HongJiang |chapter=Content-Based Video Browsing And Retrieval |editor-last1=Furht |editor-first1=Borko |title=Handbook of Internet and Multimedia Systems and Applications |date=1998 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780849318580 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000unse_a3l0/page/83 83–108 (89)] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zfC1wI0wzUC&pg=PA89 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000unse_a3l0/page/83 }}</ref> professional [[video production]]<ref name="loc"/>
*[[Watermark]]ing — [[digital watermarking]], [[image watermarking]], video watermarking, [[3D video]] watermarking, [[Digital watermarking#Reversible data hiding|reversible data hiding]], watermarking detection<ref name="Ochoa"/>
*[[Wireless]] technology
**[[Mobile devices]]<ref name="Encodes"/> — [[mobile phones]], [[smartphones]],<ref name="AppleInsider standards 1"/> [[videophones]]<ref name="Stankovic"/>
**[[Radio frequency]] (RF) technology — [[RF engineering]], [[Aperture synthesis|aperture]] [[Sensor array|arrays]],<ref name="Ochoa"/> [[beamforming]], [[digital electronics|digital]] [[arithmetic circuit]]s, directional [[Sensor|sensing]], [[astronomical image processing|space imaging]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Potluri |first1=U. S. |last2=Madanayake |first2=A. |last3=Cintra |first3=R. J. |last4=Bayer |first4=F. M. |last5=Rajapaksha |first5=N. |title=Multiplier-free DCT approximations for RF multi-beam digital aperture-array space imaging and directional sensing |journal=Measurement Science and Technology |date=17 October 2012 |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=114003 |doi=10.1088/0957-0233/23/11/114003 |s2cid=119888170 |issn=0957-0233}}</ref>
*[[Wireless sensor network]] (WSN) — wireless [[Surface acoustic wave sensor|acoustic sensor]] networks<ref name="Ochoa"/>
}}