Editing Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (section)

==History==
[[File:Delineatio generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina (1648).jpg|thumb|1648 map of [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan|Beauplan]], with [[Wild Fields|Dzikie Pole]] (the Wild Fields) identified in upper portion of the map.]]
In the 6th to 8th centuries AD the first settlements of Slavs appeared on the banks of the Dnieper within the region. During the period of [[Kievan Rus']] (9th to 12th centuries AD) the Dnieper River functioned as one of the main trade corridors of medieval Eastern Europe, part of the route [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|"from the Varangians to the Greeks"]], which connected the Baltic Sea region with the [[Crimea]] and with the capital of [[Byzantium]], [[Constantinople]]. The Dnieper also served as a major route for transporting the armies of Kyiv princes on their way to the Byzantine coastal cities in the early 9th and late 9th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Kazhdan|first= Alexander |title= Dumbarton Oaks Hagiography Database|publisher=Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C.|year= 1998|pages= 44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date= 2014-05-30|title= Primary chronicle|url= http://www.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140530225833/http://www.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf|archive-date= 2014-05-30|access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>

At the beginning of the 15th century, [[Tatars|Tatar]] tribes inhabiting the right bank of the Dnieper were driven away by the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. However, by the mid-15th century, the [[Nogais|Nogai]] (who lived north of the [[Sea of Azov]]) and the [[Crimean Khanate]] invaded these lands.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate agreed to a border along the Dnieper, and farther east along the [[Samara (Dnieper)|Samara River]], i.e. through what is today the city of Dnipro. At this time there appeared a new force, the [[Cossacks]] - armed free men not subject to any feudal lord - who soon came to dominate the region. They later became known as [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], from [[Zaporizhzhia (region)|Zaporizhzhia]], the lands south of [[Dnieper Ukraine|Naddniprianshchyna]] (Zaporizhzhia translates to "the Land Beyond the [[Dnieper rapids|Rapids]]"). This period of raids and fighting caused considerable devastation and [[Population decline|depopulation]] in the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic steppe]]; the area became known as the "Wilderness" or the "[[Wild Fields]]".

In 1635, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish government]] built the [[Kodak Fortress|Kodak fortress]] above the [[Dnieper Rapids]] at ''Kodaky'', partly as a result of rivalry in the region between Poland, [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] and the [[Crimean Khanate]],<ref name=Go2Kiev>{{cite web|url= http://www.go2kiev.com/view/dnepropetrovsk.html|title= Go2Kiev Dnepropetrovsk|publisher= Go2kiev.com|access-date= 28 November 2014}}</ref> and partly to maintain control over Cossack activity (i.e. to suppress the Cossack raiders and to prevent peasants moving out of the area).<ref name=SerhiiPlokhy>Plokhy, Serhii, ''The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine'', pub Oxford University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-19-924739-0}}, pages 26, 37, 40, 51, 60–1, 142, 245, and 268.</ref> On the night of 3 or 4 August 1635, the Cossacks of [[Ivan Sulyma]] captured the fort by surprise, burning it down and butchering the garrison of about 200 West European mercenaries under Jean Marion.<ref name=SerhiiPlokhy/> The fort, rebuilt by French engineer [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]]<ref>Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan wrote a book ''Description d'Ukrainie'', published in 1651 and 1660.</ref> for the Polish government in 1638, had a mercenary garrison.<ref name=SerhiiPlokhy/> ''Kodak'' was captured by [[Zaporozhian Host|Zaporozhian Cossacks]] on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the [[Treaty of the Pruth]] in 1711.<ref name=Kodak_Pruth>[https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/time-out/above-kodak www.day.kyiv.ua ''Above Kodak, this year the unique fortress marks its 375th anniversary''], by Mykola Chaban, 2010.</ref>

Under the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]] of 1654, the territory came within the sphere of influence of the Moscow-based [[Tsardom of Russia]]. In 1774 [[Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin|Prince Grigori Potemkin]] was appointed governor of [[Novorossiysk Governorate]], and after the [[Liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich|destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich]] in 1775, he started founding cities in the region and encouraging foreign settlers. The city of ''Yekaterinoslav'' (present-day Dnipro) was founded in 1776, not in its current location, but at the confluence of the [[Samara River (Dnieper)|River Samara]] with the River Kil'chen' at [[Loshakivka]], north of the Dnieper. On May 8, 1775, after the end of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russian-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774]], Russian authorities opened a [[Kryvyi Rih|postal station and track]] which linked [[Kremenchuk]] city, the [[Kinburn peninsula|Kinburn foreland]] and [[Ochakiv]], all locations of the Imperial Russian Army.

In December 1796, Emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] re-established the Novorossiysk Governorate, mostly with land from the former [[Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty]]. In 1802, this province was divided into the [[Nikolayev Governorate]] (known as the Kherson Governorate from 1803), [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]], and the [[Taurida Governorate]]. The capital of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate was the city of [[Yekaterinoslav]] (modern Dnipro). It was located within the former lands of the [[Zaporizhian Sich]]. The governorate bordered to the north with the [[Kharkov Governorate]] and [[Poltava Governorate]], to the west and southwest with the [[Kherson Governorate]], to the south with the [[Taurida Governorate]] and [[Sea of Azov]], and to the east with the [[Don Host Oblast]].

[[Olexander Paul]] (1832–1890) discovered iron ore and initiated smelting,<ref>Sudrussland Mageteisen und Sisenglantztatten</ref><ref>Рубін П.Криворожский бассейн и его железные руды. Горный журнал, 1888 г., т. 1</ref> and this became the core of a developing a mining district.<ref>Конткевич С. Геологічний опис околиць Кривого Рогу, Херсонської губернії</ref> In 1874 Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] initiated the founding project of a railway,<ref>Записки капитан-лейтенанта Семечкина», Вид. Об-ва горных инженеров, 1900 р</ref> running {{convert|505|km}}. This enabled transportation directly to the nearest factories and greatly sped up the development of the region.
[[File:Екатеринослав. Екатерининский проспект. Почтовая открытка.jpg|thumb|Yekaterinoslav, modern [[Dnipro]], in 1910]]

On 1 August 1925, the Yekaterinoslav Governorate administration was discontinued, and in 1926 the city of Yekterinoslav was renamed Dnipropetrovsk after Ukrainian Soviet [[leader]] [[Grigory Petrovsky]].<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/ Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. ''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]''. 15 May 2015<br />[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15 May 20<br />[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols], [[BBC News]] (14 April 2015)</ref> Before the introduction of oblasts in 1932, the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] comprised 40 [[okrugs]], which had replaced the former Russian Imperial ''guberniya'' (governorate) subdivisions. In 1932 the territory of the Ukrainian SSR was re-organized into oblasts. The first oblasts were [[Vinnytsia Oblast]], [[Kyiv Oblast]], [[Odesa Oblast]], [[Kharkiv Oblast]], and Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Soon after that, in the summer of 1932, [[Donetsk Oblast]] was formed out of eastern parts of Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk oblasts.

During the [[Holodomor]] in the 1930s, more than 200 [[collective farm]]s in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were put on [[Blackboards (Soviet policies)|"Blackboards"]] which implied a complete blockade of trade and food-aid to villages under-performing in fulfilling grain-procurement quotas; a number representing more than half of all such "Blackboards" throughout all of the Ukrainian SSR.<ref name="blackboard">{{cite web |last1= Papakin |first1= Georgy |title="Чорні дошки" Голодомору - економічний метод знищення громадян УРСР (СПИСОК)|trans-title= Holodomor "Black Boards" - Economic Method of Destruction of USSR Citizens |url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/11/27/6591/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190103054050/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/11/27/6591/ |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2019 |date=27 November 2010 |work=[[Istorychna Pravda]]}}</ref>

During the [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum|1991 referendum]], 90.36% of votes in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast favored the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]]. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found 2.2% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 89.9% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond.<ref name=DT150103>{{cite news |url= http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html |script-title= uk:Лише 3% українців хочуть приєднання їх області до Росії |language= uk |trans-title= Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region to become part of Russia |work= [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date= 3 January 2015}}</ref>

The city of Dnipropetrovsk was renamed "Dnipro" in May 2016 as part of the [[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]] enacted a year earlier.<ref>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/350680.html MPs appeal against Dnipropetrovsk renaming at Constitutional Court], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (6 June 2016)<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7123443 Constitutional Court refused to consider renaming Dnipropetrovsk], ''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]'' (12 October 2016)</ref> Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was not renamed because it is mentioned by name in the [[Constitution of Ukraine]], and the oblast can only be renamed by a [[constitutional amendment]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ Ukraine], ''[[The World Factbook]]''</ref> In April 2018 a group of over a hundred deputies formally initiated a proposal in the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian Parliament]] to change the name to ''Sicheslav Oblast''; in February 2019, the Verkhovna Rada voted to officially amend the Constitution, thus granting state sanction to the name change.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.volyn24.com/news/121055-bula-dnipropetrovska-oblast-a-stane-sicheslavska|title= Була Дніпропетровська область, а стане Січеславська|website= Волинь24|access-date= 2019-02-08}}</ref> Later that year the Constitutional Court officially approved the change. The oblast's administrative centre and largest city, [[Dnipro]], had had the unofficial name "Sicheslav" (commemorating the [[Zaporizhian Sich]]) in 1918–21 during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=63949 |title=Проект Закону про внесення змін до статті 133 Конституції України (щодо перейменування Дніпропетровської області)|trans-title= Draft Law on Amendments to Article 133 of the Constitution of Ukraine (regarding the renaming of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)|date= 27 April 2018|id=Number 8329 of the 8th session of the VIII convocation |publisher=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine|access-date=28 April 2018}} {{citation|url= http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc34?id=&pf3511=63949&pf35401=453959|title= Пояснювальна записка 27.04.2018 |trans-title= Explanatory Note 27 April 2018}}</ref> Since then, the renaming process has stalled ({{as of | 2023 | lc = on}}), for reasons such as the 2019 [[2019 Ukrainian presidential election|presidential]] and [[2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election|parliamentary]] elections, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine|COVID-19 pandemic]] and the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] (2022 onwards).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rudenko |first=Iryna |date=2021-05-19 |title=Шість років декомунізації: чому Дніпропетровщина й досі не Січеславщина |language= uk-UA |trans-title= Six years of decommunization: why is Dnipropetrovshchyna still not Sicheslavshchyna yet |work=Суспільне {{!}} [[Suspilne]] |url= https://suspilne.media/131794-sist-rokiv-dekomunizacii-comu-dnipropetrovsina-j-dosi-ne-siceslavsina/ |access-date= 2023-02-14}}</ref>

During the Russian invasion, the cities of [[Dnipro]], [[Kryvyi Rih]], and [[Nikopol, Ukraine|Nikopol]], among other locations in the region, were bombed by Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian troops shell Dnipropetrovsk Oblast with heavy artillery |url= https://news.yahoo.com/russian-troops-shell-dnipropetrovsk-oblast-220452993.html |access-date= 2023-02-01 |website= news.yahoo.com |date= 28 January 2023 |language= en-US}}</ref> It was also reported that Russian troops were pushed from areas near Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and Kherson Oblast, near the border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Днепр Сейчас: новости |url= https://t.me/dnipro_now/20039 |access-date= 2023-02-01 |website= Telegram}}</ref> One village bordering Kherson Oblast, [[Hannivka, Kryvyi Rih Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Hannivka]], may have been occupied<ref>{{cite web |last1= Barros |first1= George |last2= Stepanenko |first2= Kateryna |last3= Bergeron |first3= Thomas |title= Assessed Control of Terrain Around Kherson and Mykolaiv as of May 10, 2022, 3:00 PM ET |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Kherson-Mykolaiv%20Battle%20Map%20Draft%20May%2010%2C2022.png |website= understandingwar.org |publisher= ISW |access-date= 3 March 2023}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2025}} and liberated by Ukrainian forces by May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Barros |first1= George |last2= Stepanenko |first2= Kateryna |last3= Bergeron |first3= Thomas |title= Assessed Control of Terrain Around Kherson and Mykolaiv as of May 11, 2022, 3:00 PM ET |url= https://understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Kherson-Mykolaiv%20Battle%20Map%20Draft%20May%2011%2C2022.png |website=understandingwar.org |publisher= ISW |access-date= 3 March 2023}}</ref> Since then, there has been no further ground fighting and the oblast has remained completely under Ukrainian control.