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===Privacy by default=== Some top-level domains have privacy caveats: * [[.al]]: No information about the owner is disclosed. * [[.at]], .co.at, .or.at: Since May 21, 2010, contact data (defined as phone number, fax number, e-mail address) is hidden by the registrar and must be explicitly made public.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Change of nic.at Whois policy | author=nic.at GmbH | author-link=Nic.at | date=2010-05-21 | access-date=2014-05-05 | url=http://www.nic.at/en/uebernic/current_issues/nicat_news/news_view/article//aenderung-der-whois-policy-bei-nicat/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215347/http://www.nic.at/en/uebernic/current_issues/nicat_news/news_view/article//aenderung-der-whois-policy-bei-nicat/ | archive-date=2014-06-06 | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[.ca]]: Since June 10, 2008, the Canadian Internet Registration Authority no longer posts registration details of individuals associated with .ca domains. *[[.ch]] and [[.li]] : Since 1st January 2021 Whois information is private by default and can be obtained only in limited cases<ref>{{Cite web|title=Information service - Lookup - Internet Domains|url=https://www.nic.ch/whois/domaininfo/|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.nic.ch}}</ref> * [[.de]]: Since May 25, 2018, the German Internet Registration Authority [[denic]] put extensive changes into force for the Whois Lookup Service. With a few exceptions, third parties can no longer access domain ownership data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.denic.de/en/whats-new/press-releases/article/denic-putting-extensive-changes-into-force-for-de-whois-lookup-service-as-of-25-may-2018/|title = DENIC Putting Extensive Changes into Force for .DE Whois Lookup Service by 25 May 2018}}</ref> * [[.eu]]: If the registrant is a natural person, only the e-mail address is shown in the public Whois records unless specified otherwise.<ref>{{cite web| title= .eu domain name WHOIS policy| access-date=2016-04-29 | author=EURid| url=https://eurid.eu/en/other-infomation/whois-policy}}</ref> * [[.fi]]: Individual persons' data is not published (changed in 2019), but for companies, associations, etc., data is published. * [[.fr]]: By default, individual domain name holders benefit from the restricted publishing of their personal data in the AFNIC public Whois.<ref>{{cite web| title= AFNIC Data publication and access policy| access-date=2017-06-26 | author=AFNIC| url=https://www.afnic.fr/en/resources/reference/registry-policies/data-publication-and-access-policy-1.html}}</ref> * [[.it]]: Contact data of individuals is not published unless consent is given explicitly. For companies, data is always published. Proxy services are not allowed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=La politica del Registro .it sul Database dei Nomi Assegnati (DBNA) e sul servizio WHOIS |url=https://www.nic.it/sites/default/files/documenti/2022/Whois_policy_v_2_2.pdf |website=NIC.it}}</ref> * [[.gr]]: No information about the owner is disclosed. * [[.is]]: May hide address and phone number. * [[.nl]]: Since January 12, 2010, registrant postal addresses are no longer publicly available.<ref name="Tweakers.net 2010-01-12">{{cite web|url = http://tweakers.net/nieuws/64894/sidn-anonimiseert-whois-gegevens.html|title = SIDN anonimiseert whois-gegevens|last1 = Van Miltenburg|first1 = Olaf|date = 12 January 2010|language = nl|trans-title=SIDN anonymizes whois data|access-date = 4 September 2014|website = [[Tweakers]]}}</ref><ref name="SIDN 2010-01-01">{{cite web|url=http://www.sidn.nl/ace.php/c,728,6253,,,,SIDN_implements_Whois_changes_from_12_January_2010.html|title=SIDN implements Whois changes from 12 January 2010|date=1 January 2010|publisher=[[Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland|SIDN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129030637/http://www.sidn.nl/ace.php/c,728,6253,,,,SIDN_implements_Whois_changes_from_12_January_2010.html|archive-date=29 January 2010|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> * [[.ovh]]: Contact data is hidden by the registrar and must be explicitly made public. * [[.uk]]: [[Nominet UK|Nominet]], the guardian of UK domain namespace, provide domain privacy tools on their extensions (.co.uk, .me.uk etc.), providing that the registrant is not trading from the domain name.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Nominet WHOIS Opt Out | author=Nominet | url=http://www.nominet.org.uk/uk-domain-names/about-domain-names/domain-lookup-whois/opt-out }}</ref> While the home address of the registrant can be hidden, the full name cannot. * [[.ro]]: No information about the owner is disclosed.{{Citation needed|reason=Empiric evidence says some domains show the owner data. A source is needed for either claim|date=May 2023}}
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