Editing Drive by wire (section)

== Systems ==
[[File:Lotus Eletre 010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Lotus Eletre|A model of the [[Lotus Eletre]] with drive-, steer-, and brake-by-wire provided by [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Group]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.iaa-mobility.com/en/newsroom/news/cars/zf-drive-by-wire |title=ZF presents MOBILITY by-wire technology at IAA |year=2023}}</ref> is planned for 2025<ref name="Kacher2024Lotus">{{citation |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/reviews/2024-lotus-eletre-review-iirst-international-drive |title=2024 Lotus Eletre review: First international drive |date=July 10, 2023 |author=Georg Kacher |website=Which Car?}}</ref>]]
=== Brake by wire ===
{{Main|Brake-by-wire}}
A brake-by-wire system eliminates the need for a mechanical connection that transfers force between the brakes and a driver input apparatus such as a [[brake pedal|pedal]] or [[parking brake|lever]]. The three main types of brake-by-wire systems are: [[electronic parking brake]]s which have, since the turn of the 21st century, become more common; [[electro-hydraulic brake]]s (EHB) which can be implemented alongside legacy [[hydraulic brakes]] and as of 2020 have found small-scale usage in the automotive industry; and [[electro-mechanical brake]]s (EMB) that use no hydraulic fluid, which as of 2020 have yet to be successfully introduced in production vehicles due to their novel actuation methods.<ref name="Schramm 2020">{{citation |title=Vehicle Technology: Technical foundations of current and future motor vehicles |author=Dieter Schramm |display-authors=etal |chapter=5 Braking systems |doi=10.1515/9783110595703 |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg |year=2020|isbn=9783110595703 |s2cid=216374738 }}</ref>

=== Shift by wire ===
{{Main|Shift by wire}}
Shift-by-wire employs electrical or electronic connections that replace the [[Linkage (mechanical)|mechanical connection]] between the driver's [[gearshift]] mechanism and the [[Transmission (mechanical device)|transmission]]. Since becoming commercially available in 1996, shift-by-wire has been commonly used in [[automated manual transmission]], and has later been implemented in [[semi-automatic transmission]] and [[automatic transmission]].<ref name="Naunheimer2011" />

[[Park by wire]] may be considered a form of shift-by-wire.<ref name="Naunheimer2011" /> Not to be confused with [[#Brake by wire|park-brake by wire]] which engages a [[parking brake]], park-by-wire engages the [[parking pawl]]. A parking pawl in a traditional automatic transmission has a mechanical link to the [[gear stick]] and locks the transmission in the park position when the gear-shift handle is set in "park". A park-by-wire system uses electronic commands sent to an actuator that engages the parking pawl.

=== Steer by wire ===
{{Main|Steer-by-wire}}
A vehicle equipped with a steer-by-wire system is able to steer some or all of its wheels without a [[steering column]] connected to the wheel axles. It is different from [[electric power steering]] or power-assist, as those systems still rely on the steering column to mechanically transfer some steering torque to the wheels.<ref name="RnT-sbw-Toyota">{{citation |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a43350167/toyota-steer-by-wire/ |title=How Toyota Is Making the Case for Steer-By-Wire |author=Chris Perkins |date=March 17, 2023 |website=Road & Track}}</ref>

A vehicle with a steer-by-wire system may be manually controlled by a driver through a steering wheel, a yoke, or any other steering apparatus which is connected to one or more [[electronic control unit]]s, which uses the input to control steering actuators that turn the wheels and steer the vehicle. The steering wheel or yoke may be equipped with [[haptic technology|haptic feedback]] to simulate road feel and wheel resistance, and change depending on the vehicle speed or customizable settings.<ref name="RnT-sbw-Toyota" /><ref name="Q50Wired">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/05/al-drivebywire/|title=Take a Look Inside the First Steer-by-Wire Car|first=Matt|last=Jancer|magazine=Wired |access-date=2017-03-06|archive-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316025422/http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/05/al_drivebywire|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Throttle by wire ===
{{Main|Electronic throttle control}}
Accelerate-by-wire or throttle-by-wire,<ref>{{citation|url=https://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/drive-by-wire.htm |title=How Drive-by-wire Technology Works |author=John Fuller |date=April 28, 2009 |website=HowStuffWorks}}</ref> more commonly known as [[electronic throttle control]], is a system that actuates vehicle propulsion without any mechanical connections, such as cables, from the accelerator pedal to the throttle valve of the engine or other [[ground propulsion|propulsion]] systems. In electric vehicles, this system controls the electric motors by sensing the accelerator pedal input and sending commands to the power inverter modules.