Editing Dual-use technology (section)

== Nuclear ==
Dual-use nuclear technology refers to the possibility of military use of civilian [[nuclear power]] technology. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that several stages of the [[nuclear fuel cycle]] allow diversion of nuclear materials for [[nuclear weapons]]. When this happens a nuclear power program can become a route leading to the [[atomic bomb]] or a public annex to a secret bomb program. The crisis over [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear activities]] is a case in point.<ref name=dfall2009>{{cite journal |title=Nuclear power without nuclear proliferation? |author=Steven E. Miller & Scott D. Sagan |date=Fall 2009 |journal=Dædalus |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=7–18 |doi=10.1162/daed.2009.138.4.7 |s2cid=57568427 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Many UN and US agencies warn that building more nuclear reactors unavoidably increases [[nuclear proliferation]] risks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/nuclear-energy-different-other-energy-sources |title=Cheaper, safer alternatives than nuclear fission |author=Kristin Shrader-Frechette |date=19 August 2011 |work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121132914/http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/nuclear-energy-different-other-energy-sources |archive-date=2012-01-21 |author-link=Kristin Shrader-Frechette }}</ref> A fundamental goal for American and global security is to minimize the proliferation risks associated with the expansion of nuclear power. If this development is "poorly managed or efforts to contain risks are unsuccessful, the nuclear future will be dangerous".<ref name=dfall2009/> For nuclear power programs to be developed and managed safely and securely, it is important that countries have domestic “[[good governance]]” characteristics that will encourage proper nuclear operations and management:<ref name=dfall2009/>
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These characteristics include low degrees of corruption (to avoid officials selling materials and technology for their own personal gain as occurred with the [[A.Q. Khan]] smuggling network in Pakistan), high degrees of political stability (defined by the World Bank as “likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including {{Sic|hide=y|politically|-}}motivated violence and terrorism”), high governmental effectiveness scores (a World Bank aggregate measure of “the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures [and] the quality of policy formulation and implementation”), and a strong degree of regulatory competence.<ref name=dfall2009/>
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