Editing Dubbing (section)

=== ADR/post-sync <span class="anchor" id="Automated dialogue replacement"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dialogue replacement"></span> ===
[[File:Uppena dubbing process.webm|thumb|Example of ADR for the Telugu-language film ''[[Uppena]]''. Here, [[P. Ravi Shankar]] dubs over the original performance of [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2022-09-07|title=Why Vijay Sethupathi didn't dub for 'Uppena'? Director Buchi Babu has the answer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/why-vijay-sethupathi-didnt-dub-for-uppena-director-buchi-babu-has-the-answer/articleshow/80840294.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>]]
'''Automated dialogue replacement'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> ('''ADR''') is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor (or a replacement actor) after the filming process to improve audio quality or make changes to the initially scripted dialog. In the early days of [[talkies]], a loop of film would be cut and spliced together for each of the scenes that needed to be re-recorded, and then the loops would be loaded onto a projector one by one. For each scene, the loop would be played repeatedly while the voice actor performed the lines, trying to synchronize them to the filmed performance. This was known as "looping" or a "looping session". Loading and reloading the film loops while the talent and recording crew stood by was tedious. Later, videotape and then [[Nonlinear video|digital technology]] replaced the film loops, and the process became known as automated dialogue replacement (ADR).<ref>{{cite web |title=ADR: Hollywood Dialogue Recording Secrets |url=http://magazine.creativecow.net/article/adr-hollywood-dialogue-recording-secrets|work=Creative COW Magazine|publisher=Creative COW|access-date=30 July 2012|author=Cowdog|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Dark Knight Without Heath Ledger: How will Warner Bros. sell a summer blockbuster marked by tragedy?|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/hollywoodland/2008/01/the_dark_knight_without_heath_ledger.html |work=Slate |publisher=The Slate Group, LLC |access-date=30 July 2012 |first=Kim |last=Masters |date=31 January 2008}}</ref>

In conventional film production, a [[production sound mixer]] records dialogue during filming. During post-production, a supervising [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|sound editor]], or ADR supervisor, reviews all of the dialogue in the film and decides which lines must be re-recorded. ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which takes place in a specialized [[Recording studio|sound studio]]. Multiple takes are recorded, and the most suitable take becomes the final version, or portions of various takes may be edited together.<ref>{{cite web |title=ADR |publisher=FilmSound.org |url=http://filmsound.org/terminology/adr.htm |access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref> The ADR process does not always take place in a post-production studio. The process may be recorded on location with mobile equipment. ADR can also be recorded without showing the actor the image they must match, but by having them listen to the performance, since some actors{{who|date=June 2019}} believe that watching themselves act can degrade subsequent performances. The director may be present during ADR; alternatively, they may leave it up to a trusted sound editor, an ADR specialist, and the performers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

{{As of|2020|post=,}} the automated process includes various techniques, such as automatically displaying lines on-screen for the talent, automated cues, shifting the audio track for accurate synchronization, and time-fitting algorithms for stretching or compressing portions of a spoken line. There is software that can sort outspoken words from ambient sounds in the original filmed soundtrack, detect the peaks of the dialog, and automatically time-fit the new dubbed performance to the original to create accurate synchronization.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Erfanian |first1=Shamil |title=ADR. What is ADR? Automated Dialogue Replacement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2HKN1N2SZQ | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/f2HKN1N2SZQ| archive-date=11 December 2021 | url-status=live|website=YouTube|date=8 July 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Sometimes, an actor other than the original actor is used during ADR. One example is the ''[[Star Wars]]'' character [[Darth Vader]], portrayed by [[David Prowse]] with a full costume and full face mask; in post-production, [[James Earl Jones]] dubbed the voice of Vader.<ref>{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |title=Film: Lucas Returns with 'The Jedi' |date=25 May 1983 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9c00e3d71e38f936a15756c0a965948260 |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331032958/https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9c00e3d71e38f936a15756c0a965948260 |archive-date=31 March 2016}}</ref>
In [[India]], the process is simply known as "dubbing", while in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], it is also called "post-synchronization" or "post-sync". The insertion of [[voice acting|voice actor]] performances for [[animation]], such as [[computer-generated imagery]] or [[animated cartoon]]s, is often referred to as ADR although it generally does not replace existing dialogue.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The ADR process may be used to:{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

*remove extraneous sounds such as production equipment noise, traffic, wind, or other undesirable sounds from the environment
*change the original lines recorded on set to clarify context
*improve [[diction]] or modify an [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]]
*improve [[comic timing|comedic timing]] or dramatic timing
*correct technical issues with [[synchronization]]
*use a studio-quality singing performance or provide a voice-double for actors who are poor vocalists
*add or remove content for legal purposes (such as removing an unauthorized trademarked name)
*add or remove a product placement
*correct a misspoken line not caught during filming
*replace "foul language" for TV broadcasts of the media

Other examples include:
* [[Jean Hagen]] provided [[Debbie Reynolds]]' voice in two scenes of ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]'' (1952). Ironically, the film's story has Reynolds' character, Kathy Seldon, dubbing the voice for ''Hagen's'' character, Lina Lamont, due to Lina's grating voice and strong New York accent. Hagen used her own normal melodious voice to portray Kathy dubbing for Lina. The film, which takes place in Hollywood as talking pictures are taking over from silent films, also portrays another character, Cosmo Brown, played by [[Donald O'Connor]], as inventing the idea of using one actor to provide the voice for another.
* [[Marni Nixon]] provided the singing voice for the character [[Eliza Doolittle]], otherwise played by [[Audrey Hepburn]], in the 1964 musical film ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''. Nixon was also the singing voice for [[Deborah Kerr]] in ''[[The King and I (1956 film)|The King and I]]'' and [[Natalie Wood]] in ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]'', among many others.
* [[Ray Park]], who acted as [[Darth Maul]] from ''[[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace]]'', had his voice dubbed over by [[Peter Serafinowicz]]
* Frenchmen [[Philippe Noiret]] and [[Jacques Perrin]], who were dubbed into Italian by [[Vittorio Di Prima]] and [[Cesare Barbetti]] for ''[[Cinema Paradiso]]''
* Austrian bodybuilder [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], dubbed for ''[[Hercules in New York]]''
* Argentine boxer [[Carlos Monzón]], dubbed by a professional actor for the lead in the drama ''[[La Mary]]''
* [[Gert Fröbe]], who played [[Auric Goldfinger]] in the James Bond film [[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]], dubbed by [[Michael Collins (English actor)|Michael Collins]]
* [[George Lazenby]]'s [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] in ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'', dubbed for a portion of the film by [[George Baker (British actor)|George Baker]], since Bond was undercover and impersonating Baker's own character.
* [[Andie MacDowell]]'s Jane, in ''[[Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes]]'', who was dubbed by [[Glenn Close]]
* [[Tom Hardy]], who portrayed [[Bane (comics)|Bane]] in ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'', re-dubbed half of his own lines for ease of viewer comprehension
* [[Harvey Keitel]] was dubbed by [[Roy Dotrice]] in post-production for ''[[Saturn 3]]''
* [[Dave Coulier]] dubbed replacement of swear words for [[Richard Pryor]] in multiple TV versions of his movies
* [[Doug Jones (actor)|Doug Jones]] was dubbed by [[Laurence Fishburne]] in post-production for ''[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]''