Editing Dwarf elephant (section)

===Greece===
====Crete====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Island !! Taxon !! Author
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Crete]] || ''[[Mammuthus creticus]]'' || ({{Smallcaps|Bate}}, 1907)
|-
| ''[[Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi]]'' || ({{Smallcaps|Kuss}}, 1965)
|}

''[[Mammuthus creticus]]'' is known from remains probably dating to the [[Early Pleistocene]]. It likely descends from ''[[Mammuthus meridionalis]]''. It is the smallest mammoth<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Herridge |first1=V. L. |last2=Lister |first2=A. M. |year=2012 |title=Extreme insular dwarfism evolved in a mammoth |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1741 |pages=3193–3300 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0671 |pmc=3385739 |pmid=22572206}}</ref> and is among the smallest dwarf elephants known, with a shoulder height of about {{Convert|1|m|ft}} and a weight of about {{Convert|180|kg|lb}}.<ref name="proboscideans" /> ''[[Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi]]'' from the Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene is significantly larger, with an estimated body mass comparable to living Asian elephant, around 40% the size of its mainland ancestor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Athanassiou |first1=Athanassios |last2=van der Geer |first2=Alexandra A.E. |last3=Lyras |first3=George A. |date=August 2019 |title=Pleistocene insular Proboscidea of the Eastern Mediterranean: A review and update |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379119300848 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=218 |pages=306–321 |bibcode=2019QSRv..218..306A |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.028 |s2cid=199107354|url-access=subscription }}</ref><!-- http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/05/04/rspb.2012.0671 -->

====Cyclades====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Island !! Taxon !! Author
|-
| style="background: lightgreen" | [[Delos]] || ''Palaeoloxodon'' sp. || {{Smallcaps|Vaufrey}}, 1929
|-
| style="background: lightgreen" | [[Naxos]] || ''[[Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi]]'' || {{Smallcaps|Van der Geer}} et al., 2014<ref name="VanderGeer2014">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.04.003| title = A dwarf elephant and a rock mouse on Naxos (Cyclades, Greece) with a revision of the palaeozoogeography of the Cycladic Islands (Greece) during the Pleistocene| journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology| volume = 404| pages = 133–144 | year = 2014| last1 = Van der Geer | first1 = A. A. E.| last2 = Lyras | first2 = G. A.| last3 = Van den Hoek Ostende | first3 = L. W.| last4 = De Vos | first4 = J.| last5 = Drinia | first5 = H.| hdl = 10795/3263| url = http://repository.edulll.gr/3263| hdl-access = free}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lightgreen" | [[Paros]] || Elephantidae indet. || {{Smallcaps|Georgalas}}, 1929
|-
| [[Kythnos]] || Elephantidae indet. || {{Smallcaps|Honea}}, 1975
|-
| [[Milos]] || Elephantidae indet. || {{Smallcaps|Papp}}, 1953
|-
| [[Serifos]] || Elephantidae indet. || {{Smallcaps|Papp}}, 1953
|}

{{legend|lightgreen|connected during LGM<ref name="VanderGeer2014"/>}}

Remains of dwarf elephants have been briefly reported from [[Paros]], [[Milos]] and [[Serifos]] in historical publications, but these lack any detailed information.<ref name=":0" />

On [[Kythnos|Kýthnos]], the remains of a dwarf elephant were reported in a 1975 publication to be found associated with lithic artefacts. The age of the find was considered to be uncertain, likely older than 9,000 years, but could not be dated precisely due to a lack of collagen. Additionally, an isolated tusk was reported from the northwest of the island.<ref name=":0" />

On [[Delos]], an indeterminate dwarf elephant known from a third molar was reported in 1908. This specimen clearly belongs to a dwarf species, but it is difficult to quantify its size precisely.<ref name=":0" /> On [[Naxos]] the species ''Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi'' has been described based on a partial skull including the maxilla bones and third molar teeth found near the Trypiti river, of probable Late Pleistocene age.''<ref name="VanderGeer2014" />'' It is estimated to be around 8% the size of ''P. antiquus'', and had a smaller body size than that represented by the dwarf elephant from Delos. The Eastern Cyclades islands of Delos, [[Naxos]], and Paros were connected during the [[Last Glacial Period]], which suggests that the Delos species and ''P. lomolinoi'' were not contemporaneous, with the former possibly being the ancestor of the latter, though nothing can be said for certain.<ref name=":0" />

====Dodecanese====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Island !! Taxon !! Author
|-
| [[Astypalaia]] || ''Palaeoloxodon'' sp. || {{Smallcaps|Athanassiou}} et al., 2019<ref name="Athanassiou2019"/>
|-
| [[Kasos]] || ''Palaeoloxodon'' [[Species affinis|aff.]] ''creutzburgi'' || {{Smallcaps|Sen}} et al., 2014<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | doi = 10.5735/086.051.0204| title = Late Pleistocene Dwarf Elephants from the Aegean Islands of Kassos and Dilos, Greece| journal = Annales Zoologici Fennici| volume = 51| pages = 27–42 | year = 2014| last1 = Sen | first1 = S.| last2 = Barrier | first2 = E.| last3 = Crété | first3 = X.| issue = 1–2| s2cid = 85190966}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rhodes]] || ''Palaeoloxodon'' sp. || {{Smallcaps|Symeonides}} et al., 1974
|-
| [[Tilos]] || ''[[Palaeoloxodon tiliensis]]'' || ({{Smallcaps|Theodorou}} et al. 2007)<ref name=Theodorou2007>{{cite journal |author1=Theodorou, G.E. |author2=Symeonides, N. |author3=Stathopoulou, E. | year = 2007 | title = ''Elephas tiliensis'' n. sp. from Tilos island (Dodecanese, Greece) | journal = Hellenic Journal of Geosciences | volume = 42 | pages = 19–32}}</ref>
|}

On [[Rhodes]], bones of an unnamed endemic dwarf elephant have been discovered in cave deposits on the east coast. This elephant was similar in size to ''Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis'' (to which its remains were originally attributed), around 20% the size of its mainland ancestor (with an estimated weight of around {{Convert|1500|kg}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Sevket |date=2017-08-01 |title=A review of the Pleistocene dwarfed elephants from the Aegean islands, and their paleogeographic context |url=http://fi.nm.cz/clanek/a-review-of-the-pleistocene-dwarfed-elephants-from-the-aegean-islands-and-their-paleogeographic-context-3/ |journal=Fossil Imprint |volume=73 |issue=1–2 |pages=76–92 |doi=10.2478/if-2017-0004 |issn=2533-4069}}</ref>). The remains, though temporally poorly constrained, are suggested to be Late Pleistocene age.<ref name=":0" /> Possible tracks produced by these dwarf elephants have been reported from the southwest of the island.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Milàn |first1=Jesper |title=A Diverse Vertebrate Ichnofauna from a Quaternary Eolian Oolite, Rhodes, Greece |date=2007 |work=Sediment–Organism InteractionsA Multifaceted Ichnology |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1190/chapter/10726536 |access-date=2024-06-20 |publisher=SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology |language=en |doi=10.2110/pec.07.88.0333 |isbn=978-1-56576-129-2 |last2=Bromley |first2=Richard G. |last3=Titschack |first3=Jürgen |last4=Theodorou |first4=Georgios}}</ref>
[[File:Palaeoloxodon tiliensis.svg|thumb|Size of ''[[Palaeoloxodon tiliensis]]'' compared to humans]]
On [[Tilos]], the species ''[[Palaeoloxodon tiliensis]]'' has been described from remains found in Charkadio cave.<ref>G. Theodorou, N. Symeonidis, E. Stathopoulou ''Elephas tiliensis'' n. sp. from Tilos island (Dodecanese, Greece) Hell. J. Geosci., 42 (2007), pp. 19-32</ref> This species was medium-sized, around 10% the size of ''P. antiquus'', with a shoulder height of up to {{Convert|1.9|m|ft}}, with a body mass of {{Convert|630–890|kg|lb}}. Remains of the species are suggested to date to Late Pleistocene. Radiocarbon dating done in the 1970s suggested that the species survived until around 3,500 years ago, which would make the latest surviving ''Palaeoloxodon'' species and the youngest elephant in Europe, but these dates are tentative and await corroboration by other research.<ref name=":0" />

On [[Astypalaia]], a single tusk of a dwarf elephant of unknown age was excavated in the late 1990s. Due to the isolated status of the island it very likely represents an endemic species. Though the size of the animal is difficult to constrain precisely, it was probably similar in size to ''P. tiliensis''.<ref name=":0" />

On [[Kasos]], which during the Pleistocene was connected with the islands of [[Karpathos]] and [[Saria Island|Saria]], a single dwarf ''Palaeoloxodon'' molar has been found. Due to the tooth closely resembling those of the species ''P. creutzburgi'' from Crete (which is adjacent to Kasos) in size and shape, it has been referred to as ''P.'' [[Species affinis|aff.]] ''creutzburgi.''<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />