Editing EXPTIME (section)

==EXPTIME-complete==
A decision problem is EXPTIME-complete if it is in EXPTIME and every problem in EXPTIME has a [[polynomial-time many-one reduction]] to it. In other words, there is a polynomial-time [[algorithm]] that transforms instances of one to instances of the other with the same answer. Problems that are EXPTIME-complete might be thought of as the hardest problems in EXPTIME. Notice that although it is unknown whether NP is equal to P, we do know that EXPTIME-complete problems are not in P; it has been proven that these problems cannot be solved in [[polynomial time]], by the [[time hierarchy theorem]].

In [[computability theory]], one of the basic undecidable problems is the [[halting problem]]: deciding whether a [[deterministic Turing machine]] (DTM) halts. One of the most fundamental EXPTIME-complete problems is a simpler version of this, which asks if a DTM halts on a given input in at most ''k'' steps. It is in EXPTIME because a trivial simulation requires O(''k'') time, and the input ''k'' is encoded using O(log ''k'') bits which causes exponential number of simulations. It is EXPTIME-complete because, roughly speaking, we can use it to determine if a machine solving an EXPTIME problem accepts in an exponential number of steps; it will not use more.<ref>{{citation|title=Theory of Computational Complexity|series=Wiley Series in Discrete Mathematics and Optimization|first1=Ding-Zhu|last1=Du|first2=Ker-I|last2=Ko|edition=2nd|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2014|isbn=9781118594971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMwOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT203|at=Proposition 3.30}}.</ref> The same problem with the number of steps written in unary is [[P-complete]].

Other examples of EXPTIME-complete problems include the problem of evaluating a position in [[generalized game|generalized]] [[chess]],<ref name="Fraenkel1981">{{cite journal| last1=Fraenkel | first1=Aviezri |authorlink1=Aviezri Fraenkel | last2=Lichtenstein | first2=David| title = Computing a perfect strategy for n&times;n chess requires time exponential in n| journal = [[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]] | series=Series A| volume=31 | issue = 2| year = 1981| pages = 199–214|doi=10.1016/0097-3165(81)90016-9| doi-access = }}</ref> [[checkers]],<ref name="robson1984">{{cite journal| author = J. M. Robson| title = N by N checkers is Exptime complete| journal = [[SIAM Journal on Computing]]| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 252–267| year = 1984| doi = 10.1137/0213018}}</ref> or [[Go (board game)|Go]] (with Japanese ko rules).<ref>{{Cite book| author = J. M. Robson| chapter = The complexity of Go| title = Information Processing; Proceedings of IFIP Congress| year = 1983| pages = 413–417}}</ref> These games have a chance of being EXPTIME-complete because games can last for a number of moves that is exponential in the size of the board. In the Go example, the Japanese ko rule is known to imply EXPTIME-completeness, but it is not known if the American or Chinese rules for the game are EXPTIME-complete (they could range from PSPACE to EXPSPACE).

By contrast, generalized games that can last for a number of moves that is polynomial in the size of the board are often [[PSPACE-complete]]. The same is true of exponentially long games in which non-repetition is automatic.

=== Succinct circuits ===
Another set of important EXPTIME-complete problems relates to succinct circuits. The idea is that if we can exponentially compress the description of a problem that requires polynomial time, then that compressed problem would require exponential time.

As one example, some graphs can be succinctly described by a small Boolean circuit. The circuit has <math>2n</math> inputs, 1 output and <math>\mathsf{poly}(n)</math> gates, thus requiring <math>\mathsf{poly}(n)</math> bits to describe. The circuit represents a graph with <math>2^n</math> vertices. For each pair of vertices, if the binary code for the two vertices are put into the circuit, then the output of the circuit states whether the two vertices are connected by an edge.

For many naturally occurring [[P-complete]] decision problems about graphs, where the graph is expressed in a natural representation such as an [[adjacency matrix]], solving the same problem on a succinct circuit representation is EXPTIME-complete, because the input is exponentially smaller; but this requires nontrivial proof, since succinct circuits can only describe a subclass of graphs.<ref>{{harvtxt|Papadimitriou|1994|p=495|loc=Section 20.1}}</ref>

Generically, a Boolean circuit with <math>n</math> inputs and a single output is a succinct representation of a string of <math>2^n</math> bits, which can be used to describe some other object, such as a graph, a 3-[[Conjunctive normal form|CNF formula]], etc. For essentially all known NP-complete problems, the succinct version of it is NEXP-complete. In particular, SUCCINCT 3-SAT is NEXP-complete under polynomial-time reductions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Papadimitriou |first=Christos H. |last2=Yannakakis |first2=Mihalis |date=1986-12-01 |title=A note on succinct representations of graphs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019995886800092 |journal=Information and Control |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=181–185 |doi=10.1016/S0019-9958(86)80009-2 |issn=0019-9958}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Ryan |date=2011-10-14 |title=Guest column: a casual tour around a circuit complexity bound |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2034575.2034591 |journal=ACM SIGACT News |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=54–76 |doi=10.1145/2034575.2034591 |issn=0163-5700}}</ref>