Editing Eastern question (section)

==Serbian Revolution==
{{See also|Serbian Revolution}}

[[File:Battle of Mišar, Afanasij Scheloumoff.jpg|thumb|270px|[[First Serbian Uprising]] against the Ottoman Empire]]

The Serbian Revolution or ''Revolutionary Serbia'' refers to the national and [[social revolution]] of the [[Serbs|Serbian people]] between 1804 and 1815, during which Serbia managed to fully emancipate itself from the [[Ottoman Empire]] and exist as a sovereign European [[nation-state]], and a latter period (1815–1833), marked by intense negotiations between [[Belgrade]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The term was invented by a famous German historian, [[Leopold von Ranke]], in his book ''Die Serbische Revolution'', published in 1829.<ref>Leopold von Ranke, ''A History of Serbia and the Serbian Revolution'' (1847)</ref> These events marked the foundation of [[Principality of Serbia|modern Serbia]].<ref>L. S. Stavrianos, ''The Balkans since 1453'' (London: Hurst and Co., 2000), p. 248-250.</ref> While the first phase of the revolution (1804–1815) was in fact a war of independence, the second phase (1815–1833) resulted in official recognition of a [[Principality of Serbia|suzerain Serbian state]] by the [[Sublime Porte|Porte]] (the Ottoman government), thus bringing the revolution to its end.<ref>For an overview see Wayne S. Vucinich, "Marxian Interpretations of the First Serbian Revolution." ''Journal of Central European Affairs''  (1961) 21#1: 3–14.</ref>

The revolution took place by stages:  the [[First Serbian Uprising]] (1804–1813), led by [[Karađorđe Petrović]]; [[Hadži-Prodan's rebellion]] (1814); the [[Second Serbian Uprising]] (1815) under [[Miloš Obrenović]]; and official recognition of the Serbian state (1815–1833) by the Porte.

''The Proclamation'' (1809) by [[Karađorđe]] in the capital [[Belgrade]] represented the peak of the revolution. It called for unity of the [[Serbs|Serbian nation]], emphasizing the importance of freedom of religion, [[History of the Serbs|Serbian history]] and formal, written rules of law, all of which it claimed the [[Ottoman Empire]] had failed to provide. It also called on Serbs to stop paying the [[Jizya|jizya tax]] to the Porte.

The ultimate result of the uprisings was Serbia's [[suzerainty]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The [[Principality of Serbia]] was established, governed by its own parliament, government, constitution and its own royal dynasty.  Social element of the revolution was achieved through introduction of the bourgeois society values in Serbia, which is why it was considered the world's easternmost bourgeois revolt, which culminated with the abolition of [[feudalism]] in 1806.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nb.rs/view_file.php?file_id=57 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-06-02 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010154414/https://www.nb.rs/view_file.php?file_id=57 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The establishment of the [[1835 Constitution of Serbia|first constitution in the Balkans]] in 1835 ([[Miloš Obrenović#Reign|later abolished]]) and the founding in 1808 of its first university, [[University of Belgrade|Belgrade's Great Academy]], added to the achievements of the young Serb state.<ref>[http://www.bg.ac.rs/en_istorijat.php University of Belgrade<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> By 1833, Serbia was officially recognized as a tributary to the Ottoman Empire and as such, acknowledged as a hereditary monarchy. Full independence of the Principality was internationally recognized during the second half of the 19th century.<ref>John K. Cox, ''The History of Serbia'' (2002) pp 39–62</ref>