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Emil Erlenmeyer
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=== Academic career === [[Image:Erlenmeyer flask.jpg|thumb|Erlenmeyer flask|232x232px]]In 1863 he became associate professor at the University of Heidelberg. In 1868 he was hired as a full professor in [[Munich]] to take charge of the laboratories of the new [[Technical University of Munich|Munich Polytechnic School]], a post which he held until he retired from teaching in 1883. His work mostly focused on theoretical chemistry, where he suggested the structural formula for [[naphthalene]]. The Erlenmeyer rule states that all [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s in which the hydroxyl group is attached directly to a double-bonded carbon atom become [[aldehyde]]s or [[ketone]]s (cf. [[Enol|keto-enol tautomerism]]). Erlenmeyer's practical investigations were concerned mostly with [[aliphatic compound]]s. In 1859 he synthesised [[aminohexoic acid]] and proceeded to study the general behavior of [[albumin]]oids on [[hydrolysis]]. He worked out methods to determine the relative amounts of [[leucine]] and [[tyrosine]], which are produced during the degradation of several substances of this class, and was the first (1860) to understand the nature of [[glycide]] and to suggest that this substance is related to [[glycerol]] in the same way as is [[metaphosphoric acid]] to [[orthophosphoric acid]]. In the following year he studied the action of [[hydroiodic acid]] on [[glycerol]], and showed that the product was [[isopropyl iodide|isopropyl]]- and not [[propyl iodide]]. His investigations of the higher alcohols produced during fermentation yielded the important proof that these alcohols do not belong to the normal series.<ref name=r1/> His other work included the isolation of [[glycolic acid]] from unripe grapes (1864), synthesis of [[sodium oxalate]] by heating [[sodium formate]] (1868), hydrolysis of ether to alcohol (1858), synthesis of phenyl-lactic acid (1880), preparation of [[pyruvic acid]] by the distillation of [[tartaric acid]] (1881) and the formation of [[carbostyril]] from [[quinoline]] (1885). His investigations in the aromatic series include isomerism of the [[cinnamic acid]]s and the synthesis of [[tyrosine]] from [[phenylalanine]] (1882). In 1875, by nitrating [[benzoic acid]], Erlenmeyer disproved the prevalent opinion that more than three [[nitrobenzoic acid]]s exist. In 1860 he published a description of the [[Erlenmeyer flask|conical flask]] that bears his name.<ref name=r1/> <ref>Emil Erlenmeyer, "Zur chemischen und pharmazeutischen Technik," ''Zeitschrift fΓΌr Chemie und Pharmacie'', vol. 3 (January 1860), 21-22. He wrote that he first displayed the new flask at a pharmaceutical conference in Heidelberg in 1857, and that he had arranged for its commercial production and sale by local glassware manufacturers.</ref>
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