Editing Emilio Segrè (section)

==Radiation Laboratory==
In June 1938, Segrè paid a summer visit to [[California]] to study the short-lived isotopes of technetium, which did not survive being mailed to Italy. While Segrè was en route, [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[fascist]] government passed [[Italian Racial Laws|racial laws]] barring Jews from university positions. As a Jew, Segrè was now rendered an indefinite émigré.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=128–132}} The [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakian crisis]] prompted Segrè to send for Elfriede and Claudio, as he now feared that war in Europe was inevitable.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|p=140}} In November 1938 and February 1939 they made quick trips to Mexico to exchange their tourist visas for immigration visa. Both Segrè and Elfriede held grave fears for the fate of their parents in Italy and Germany.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=145–149}}

At the Berkeley Radiation Lab, Lawrence offered Segrè a job as a research assistant—a relatively lowly position for someone who had discovered an element—for {{USD|300|1939|round=-2}} a month for six months. When Lawrence learned that Segrè was legally trapped in California, he took advantage of the situation to reduce Segrè's salary to $116 a month.{{sfn|Jackson|2002|pp=11–12}}{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=147–148}} Working with [[Glenn Seaborg]], Segrè isolated the [[metastable isotope]] [[technetium-99m]]. Its properties made it ideal for use in [[nuclear medicine]], and it is now used in about 10 million medical diagnostic procedures annually.{{sfn|Hoffman|Ghiorso|Seaborg|2000|p=15}} Segrè went looking for [[element 93]], but did not find it, as he was looking for an element chemically akin to [[rhenium]] instead of a [[rare-earth element]], which is what element 93 was.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Physical Review]] |title=An Unsuccessful Search for Transuranic Elements |first=Emilio |last=Segrè |date=June 1939|volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=1103–1104 |issn=0031-899X |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.55.1104 |bibcode = 1939PhRv...55.1104S }}</ref> Working with [[Alexander Langsdorf, Jr.]], and [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], he discovered [[xenon-135]],<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Physical Review]] |title = Some Fission Products of Uranium |first1=Emilio |last1=Segrè |first2=Chien-Shiung |last2=Wu |authorlink2=Chien-Shiung Wu |issn=0031-899X |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |page = 552 |date=March 1940 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.57.552.3 |bibcode = 1940PhRv...57..552S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Physical Review]] |title =Radioactive Xenons |first2=Emilio |last2=Segrè |first1=Chien-Shiung |last1=Wu |author-link=Chien-Shiung Wu |volume = 67 |issue = 5–6 |pages = 142–149 |date=March 1945 |issn=0031-899X  |doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.67.142|bibcode = 1945PhRv...67..142W }}</ref> which later became important as a [[nuclear poison]] in [[nuclear reactors]].{{sfn|Segrè|1993|p=153}}

Segrè then turned his attention to another missing element on the [[periodic table]], [[element 85]]. After he announced how he intended to create it by bombarding [[bismuth-209]] with [[alpha particle]]s at a Monday meeting Radiation Laboratory meeting, two of his colleagues, [[Dale R. Corson]] and [[Robert A. Cornog]] carried out his proposed experiment. Segrè then asked whether he could do the chemistry and, with [[Kenneth Ross MacKenzie]], successfully isolated the new element, which is today called [[astatine]].{{sfn|Jackson|2002|p=11}}<ref>{{cite journal | title = Artificially radioactive element 85 | first1 = Dale R. | last1 = Corson | authorlink1=Dale R. Corson | first2 = Kenneth Ross | last2 =MacKenzie | authorlink2=Kenneth Ross MacKenzie | first3 = Emilio | last3 = Segrè | authorlink3=Emilio Segrè | journal = Physical Review | volume = 58 | pages = 672–678 | year = 1940 |issn=0031-899X | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.58.672 | issue = 8|bibcode = 1940PhRv...58..672C }}</ref>{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=155-156}} Segrè and Wu then attempted to find the last remaining missing non-[[transuranic element]], [[element 61]]. They had the correct technique for making it, but lacked the chemical methods to separate it.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=155–156}} He also worked with Seaborg, McMillan, [[Joseph W. Kennedy]] and [[Arthur C. Wahl]] to create [[plutonium-239]] in Lawrence's {{convert|60|in|cm|adj=on|sp=us}} [[cyclotron]] in December 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/Nobelists/Seaborg/65th-anniv/14.html |title = An Early History of LBNL: Elements 93 and 94 |access-date = 17 September 2008 |last = Seaborg |first = Glenn T. |author-link = Glenn T. Seaborg |publisher = Advanced Computing for Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |archive-date = 5 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141105083122/http://www2.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/Nobelists/Seaborg/65th-anniv/14.html |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The plutonium story |last= Seaborg |first=Glenn T. |author-link=Glenn T. Seaborg |publisher=Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California |id=LBL-13492, DE82 004551 |osti= 5808140 |date= September 1981 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5808140}}</ref>