Editing Ems Ukaz (section)

=== ''Yaryzhka'' ===
{{See also|Yaryzhka}}
In 1881, the new [[Emperor Alexander III]] amended the ukaz. Ukrainian lyrics and dictionaries were now allowed, but the ''Kulishivka'' [[Ukrainian alphabet]] was still prohibited, and such publications had to write Ukrainian with [[Russian orthography]].{{Sfn|Shevelov|1989|p=6}} That usage was disparagingly called the ''Yaryzhka'' ({{langx|uk|[[:uk:Ярижка|Ярижка]]}}, {{IPA|uk|jɐˈrɪʒkɐ|IPA}}) by some Ukrainians in reference to the Russian letter ''[[yery]]'' {{angle bracket|{{lang|ru|ы}}}}. Performance of Ukrainian plays and humorous songs could be approved by governors or governors-general, but Ukrainian-only [[theatres]] and troupes could not be established.{{Sfn|Shevelov|1989|p=6}} Earlier, in 1879, Russian Interior Minister [[Mikhail Loris-Melikov]] allowed the organization of theatrical performances and concerts in the Ukrainian language, but only on rural themes and outside Kiev.{{Sfn|Shevelov|1989|p=6}}

Many illegal performances and publications were delivered by ingenuity and [[bribery]], but Ukrainian cultural development practically ceased.