Editing English-only movement (section)

==Modern==
In 1980, [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade County, Florida]] voters approved an "anti-bilingual ordinance".<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.law.miami.edu/studentorg/interamerican_law_review/pdf/ialr_symposium_01302007.pdf |title=The Language Battle: Speaking the Truth |publisher=University of Miami Law School |work=Inter-American Law Review |date=February 9, 2007 |page=2 |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220802/http://www.law.miami.edu/studentorg/interamerican_law_review/pdf/ialr_symposium_01302007.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, this was repealed by the county commission in 1993, after "racially orientated redistricting"<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Observer-Reporter|date=May 3, 1993|page=A8|title='English only' law may be repealed in Florida county|quote=The racially orientated redistricting of the Dade County commission may accomplish what a long campaign by Hispanics has failed to do – repeal the local "English only" law.}}</ref> led to a change in government.<ref>{{cite news|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=May 23, 1993|page=1D|title=The power of language}}</ref>

In 1981, English was declared the official language in the [[Commonwealth (U.S. state)|commonwealth]] of [[Virginia]].<ref>[http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/va.htm Official English Laws: Code of Virginia, Chapter 829], languagepolicy.net, accessed February 22, 2015/</ref>

In 1983, [[John Tanton]] and [[U.S. Senator]] [[S. I. Hayakawa]] founded a political lobbying organization, [[U.S. English (organization)|U.S. English]]. (Tanton was a former head of the [[Sierra Club]]'s population committee and of [[Population Connection|Zero Population Growth]], and founder of the [[Federation for American Immigration Reform]] (FAIR), an [[immigration reduction]]ist group.) In 1986, Tanton wrote a memo containing remarks about [[Hispanics]] claimed by critics to be derogatory, which appeared in the ''[[Arizona Republic]]'' newspaper, leading to the resignations from U.S. English board member [[Walter Cronkite]] and executive director [[Linda Chavez]]; Tanton would also sever his ties to the organization as a result. That same year, 1986, [[Larry Pratt]] founded English First, while Lou Zaeske, an engineer from [[Bryan, Texas|Bryan]], [[Texas]], established the American Ethnic Coalition. [[Mauro E. Mujica|Mauro Mujica]], a Chilean immigrant, was later named Chairman and CEO in 1993.

In 1994, John Tanton and other former U.S. English associates founded ProEnglish specifically to defend [[Arizona]]'s English-only law. ProEnglish rejects the term "English-only movement" and asks its supporters to refer to the movement instead as "Official English".<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.proenglish.org/notenglishonly.html|title= Official English Is Not "English Only"|publisher=proenglish.org
|access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080121110822/http://www.proenglish.org/notenglishonly.html |archive-date = January 21, 2008}}</ref>

The U.S. Senate voted on two separate changes to an immigration bill in May 2006.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00131
|title=Roll call vote on the Amendment (Inhofe Amdt. No. 4064)|publisher=US Senate|date=May 18, 2006|access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00132
|title=Roll call vote on the Amendment (Salazar Amdt. No. 4073 As Modified)|publisher=US Senate
|date=May 18, 2006|access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref> The amended bill recognized English as a "common and unifying language" and gave contradictory instructions to government agencies on their obligations for non-English publications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/politics/immigration/englishvote.asp|title=Snopes on the English-only amendments|access-date=August 25, 2008}}</ref>

In what was essentially a replay of the 2006 actions, on June 6, 2007 the US Senate again voted on two separate amendments to a subsequent immigration reform bill that closely resembled the amendments to the 2006 Senate bill.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00198|title=Roll call vote on the Amendment (Inhofe Amdt. No. 1151)|publisher=US Senate|date=June 6, 2007|access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00197|title=Roll call vote on the Amendment (Salazar Amdt. No. 1384)|publisher=US Senate|date=June 6, 2007|access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref> Ultimately, neither the 2006 nor 2007 immigration reform bill has become law.

On January 22, 2009, voters in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]] rejected [[Nashville Charter Amendment 1 (2009)|a proposal]] under a referendum election to make "Nashville the largest city in the United States to prohibit the government from using languages other than English, with exceptions allowed for issues of health and safety." The initiative failed by a vote of 57% to 43%.<ref>[http://tennessean.com/article/20090123/NEWS0202/901230395 "English-only fails; lopsided vote ends heated campaign"]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Tennessean]]'', January 23, 2009. Retrieved on January 23, 2009.</ref>

In March 2012, Republican presidential candidate [[Rick Santorum]] was [[Puerto Rico Republican primary, 2012#Santorum remarks about use of English in Puerto Rico|criticized]] by some [[Puerto Rico Republican primary, 2012|Republican delegates from Puerto Rico]] when he publicly took the position that Puerto Rico, a Spanish-speaking territory, should be required to make English its primary language as a condition of statehood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/us/politics/santorum-addresses-firestorm-over-puerto-rico-remarks.html|title=For Santorum, Trying to Tamp Down a Firestorm Over Puerto Rico Remarks|work=New York Times|first1=Katherine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Ashley|last2=Parker, Jr.|date=March 15, 2012|access-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref>

In 2015 during a debate, then Republican presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] said, "This is a country where we speak English, not Spanish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/donald-trumps-english-only-campaign-228559|first=Shane|last=Goldmacher|date=September 23, 2016|title=Trump's English-only campaign|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=January 27, 2020}}</ref>

On February 6, 2019, the [[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]] introduced a bill in House establishing English as the official language of the United States. The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] named it the English Language Unity Act of 2019. Within this bill, there is a framework for implementation. They strive to enforce English as the only language by testing it during the [[naturalization]] process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Steve |date=2019-03-22 |title=Text - H.R.997 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): English Language Unity Act of 2019 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/997/text |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> This bill has yet to be passed.

In 2023 then U.S. senator and current U.S. Vice President [[JD Vance]] introduced a bill that would have established English as the official language of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabrina Eaton |first=cleveland com |date=2023-03-30 |title=U.S. Sen. JD Vance wants to declare English the U.S. official language |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/03/us-sen-jd-vance-wants-to-declare-english-the-us-official-language.html |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=cleveland |language=en}}</ref>