Editing Epidural administration (section)

=== Pain relief during other surgery ===
Epidural analgesia has been demonstrated to have several benefits after other surgeries, including decreasing the need for the use of oral or systemic opioids,<ref name=Block2003>{{cite journal |vauthors=Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA, Wu CL | s2cid = 35260733 | title = Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 290 | issue = 18 | pages = 2455–63 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14612482 | doi = 10.1001/jama.290.18.2455 }}</ref> and reducing the risk of postoperative respiratory problems, chest infections,<ref name=Ballantyne1998>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, Suarez T, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Angelillo IF, Mosteller F | s2cid = 37136047 | title = The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials | journal = Anesth Analg | volume = 86 | issue = 3 | pages = 598–612 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9495424 | doi = 10.1097/00000539-199803000-00032 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[blood transfusion]] requirements,<ref name=Allman1038/> and [[myocardial infarction]]s.<ref name=Beattie2001>{{cite journal |vauthors=Beattie WS, Badner NH, Choi P | s2cid = 9449275 | title = Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis | journal = Anesth Analg | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 853–8 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11574345 | doi = 10.1097/00000539-200110000-00010 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Use of epidural analgesia after surgery in place of systemic analgesia is less likely to decrease [[intestinal motility]] which would occur with systemic opioid therapy through blockade of the sympathetic nervous system.<ref name="Allman1038">{{cite book|title=Oxford handbook of anaesthesia|vauthors=Wilson IH, Allman KG|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-856609-0|location=Oxford|page=1038}}</ref><ref name=Gendall>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gendall KA, Kennedy RR, Watson AJ, Frizelle FA | title = The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery | journal = Colorectal Disease | volume = 9 | issue = 7 | pages = 584–98; discussion 598–600 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17506795 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.1274.x }}</ref> Some surgeries that spinal analgesia may be used in include lower abdominal surgery, lower limb surgery, cardiac surgery, and perineal surgery.<ref name="Allman1038" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guay|first1=Joanne|last2=Kopp|first2=Sandra|date=2019-03-01|title=Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2019|issue=3 |pages=CD006715|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006715.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6396869|pmid=30821845}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salicath|first1=Jon H.|last2=Yeoh|first2=Emily Cy|last3=Bennett|first3=Michael H.|date=2018-08-30|title=Epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra-abdominal surgery in adults|url=|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8| issue=10 |pages=CD010434|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010434.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6513588|pmid=30161292}}</ref>
[[File:Epidural kit in sterile packaging.jpg|thumb|A single-use epidural administration kit in sterile packaging]]