Editing Ernest Hemingway (section)

==Paris==
[[File:Ernest Hemingway 1923 passport photo.TIF.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.85|Hemingway's 1923 passport photo; at this time, he lived in Paris with his wife Hadley and worked as a foreign correspondent for the ''[[Star Weekly|Toronto Star Weekly]]''.|alt=Passport photograph]]

Anderson suggested Paris because it was inexpensive and it was where "the most interesting people in the world" resided. There Hemingway would meet writers such as [[Gertrude Stein]], [[James Joyce]] and [[Ezra Pound]] who "could help a young writer up the rungs of a career".<ref name="Baker 1972 pp7"/> 
Hemingway was a "tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed, rosy-cheeked, square-jawed, soft-voiced young man."<ref name="Meyers pp70–74" /> He lived with Hadley in a small walk-up at 74 {{interlanguage link|rue du Cardinal Lemoine|fr|Rue du Cardinal-Lemoine}} <!-- please do not change the spelling of the street name; should be lower case --> in the [[Latin Quarter]], and rented a room nearby for work.<ref name="Baker 1972 pp7" /> Stein, who was the bastion of [[modernism]] in Paris,<ref>Mellow (1991), 8</ref> became Hemingway's mentor and godmother to his son Jack;<ref>Meyers (1985), 77</ref> she introduced him to the expatriate artists and writers of the [[Montparnasse Quarter]], whom she referred to as the "[[Lost Generation]]"—a term Hemingway popularized with the publication of ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]''.<ref name="Mellow p308">Mellow (1992), 308</ref> A regular at Stein's [[Salon (gathering)|salon]], Hemingway met influential painters such as [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Joan Miró]], [[Juan Gris]],<ref name="Reynolds 2000 28">Reynolds (2000), 28</ref> and Luis Quintanilla.<ref name="Spanier p 558">Spanier, 558</ref> He eventually withdrew from Stein's influence, and their relationship deteriorated into a literary quarrel that spanned decades.<ref name="Meyers pp77–81">Meyers (1985), 77–81</ref>

Pound was older than Hemingway by 14 years when they met by chance in 1922 at [[Sylvia Beach]]'s bookstore [[Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)|Shakespeare and Company]]. They visited Italy in 1923 and lived on the same street in 1924.<ref name="Meyers pp70–74">Meyers (1985), 70–74</ref> The two forged a strong friendship; in Hemingway Pound recognized and fostered a young talent.<ref name="Reynolds 2000 28" /> Pound—who had just finished editing [[T. S. Eliot]]'s ''[[The Waste Land]]''—introduced Hemingway to the Irish writer James Joyce,<ref name="Meyers pp70–74"/> with whom Hemingway frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees".<ref name="Meyers p82">Meyers (1985), 82</ref>

[[File:Ernest Hadley and Bumby Hemingway.jpg|thumb|upright=.85|Ernest, Hadley, and Bumby Hemingway in [[Schruns]], Austria, in 1926, months before they separated|alt=a man, wearing a striped sweater and trousers and a hat, with a woman, wearing a skirt and a cardigan, holding the hand of a boy wearing shorts, on a walking path]]

During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the ''Toronto Star'' newspaper.<ref>Reynolds (2000), 24</ref> He covered the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War]], where he witnessed the [[Great fire of Smyrna|burning of Smyrna]], and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany".<ref name="Desnoyers p5">Desnoyers, 5</ref> Almost all his fiction and short stories were lost, when in December 1922 as she was traveling to join him in [[Geneva]], Hadley lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the train station [[Paris-Gare de Lyon|Gare de Lyon]]. He was devastated and furious.<ref name="Meyers pp69–70">Meyers (1985), 69–70</ref> Nine months later the couple returned to Toronto, where their son [[Jack Hemingway|John Hadley Nicanor]] was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence, Hemingway's first book, ''[[Three Stories and Ten Poems]]'', was published in Paris. All that remained after the loss of the suitcase were two of the stories the volume contained; he wrote the third story early in 1923 while in Italy. A few months later, ''[[In Our Time (short story collection)|in our time]]'' (without capitals) was produced in Paris. The small volume included 18 [[Vignette (literature)|vignettes]], a dozen of which he wrote the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill of the [[Bullfighting|corrida]]. He considered Toronto boring, missed Paris, and wanted to return to the life of a writer, rather than live the life of a journalist.<ref name="Baker 1972 15–18">Baker (1972), 15–18</ref>

Hemingway, Hadley, and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into an apartment on the rue Notre-Dame des Champs.<ref name="Baker 1972 15–18" /> Hemingway helped [[Ford Madox Ford]] edit ''[[The Transatlantic Review]]'', which published works by Pound, [[John Dos Passos]], Baroness [[Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven]], and Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's own early stories such as "[[Indian Camp]]".<ref name="Meyers p126">Meyers (1985), 126</ref> When Hemingway's first collection of stories, ''[[In Our Time (short story collection)|In Our Time]]'', was published in 1925, the dust jacket bore comments from Ford.<ref>Baker (1972), 34</ref><ref name="Meyers p127">Meyers (1985), 127</ref> "Indian Camp" received considerable praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer,<ref>Mellow (1992), 236</ref> and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short-story genre with his crisp style and use of declarative sentences.<ref>Mellow (1992), 314</ref> Six months earlier, Hemingway had met [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], and the pair formed a friendship of "admiration and hostility".<ref name="Meyers pp159–160">Meyers (1985), 159–160</ref> Fitzgerald had published ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' the same year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided his next work had to be a novel.<ref name="Baker pp 30-34">Baker (1972), 30–34</ref>

The year before, Hemingway visited the [[Festival of San Fermín]] in [[Pamplona]], Spain, for the first time, where he became fascinated by [[bullfighting]].<ref name="Meyers pp117-119">Meyers (1985), 117–119</ref> The Hemingways returned to Pamplona again in 1924 and a third time in June 1925; that year, they brought with them a group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith, [[Donald Ogden Stewart]], [[Duff Twysden|Lady Duff Twysden]] (recently divorced), her lover Pat Guthrie, and [[Harold Loeb]].<ref name="Nagel89ff">Nagel (1996), 89</ref>

[[File:HemingwayLoeb.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.9|From left to right: Ernest Hemingway, Harold Loeb, Lady Duff Twysden, Hadley Hemingway, Donald Ogden Stewart, and Patrick Stirling Guthrie, at a café in Pamplona, Spain, July 1925.|alt=three men, dressed in light colored trousers and wearing hats, and two women, wearing light colored dresses, sitting at a sidewalk table]]

A few days after the fiesta ended, on his birthday (July 21), he began to write the draft of what would become ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]'', finishing eight weeks later.<ref name="Meyers p189">Meyers (1985), 189</ref> A few months later, in December 1925, the Hemingways left to spend the winter in [[Schruns]], Austria, where Hemingway began extensively revising the manuscript. Pauline Pfeiffer, the daughter of a wealthy [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] family in [[Arkansas]], who came to Paris to work for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine, joined them in January. Against Hadley's advice, Pfeiffer urged Hemingway to sign a contract with [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner's]]. He left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers and, on his return, began an affair with Pfeiffer during a stop in Paris, before returning to Schruns to finish the revisions in March.<ref>Reynolds (1989), vi–vii</ref> The manuscript arrived in New York in April; he corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926, and Scribner's published the novel in October.<ref name="Meyers p189" /><ref>Mellow (1992), 328</ref><ref name="Baker p44">Baker (1972), 44</ref>

''The Sun Also Rises'' epitomized the post-war expatriate generation,<ref name="Mellow p302">Mellow (1992), 302</ref> received good reviews and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work".<ref name="Meyers p192">Meyers (1985), 192</ref> Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor [[Max Perkins]] that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in ''The Sun Also Rises'' may have been "battered" but were not lost.<ref name="Baker p82">Baker (1972), 82</ref>

Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on ''The Sun Also Rises''.<ref name="Baker p44" /> In early 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them that July.<ref name="Baker p43">Baker (1972), 43</ref><ref>Mellow (1992), 333</ref> On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from ''The Sun Also Rises''.<ref>Mellow (1992), 338–340</ref> They were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pfeiffer in May.<ref name="Meyers p172">Meyers (1985), 172</ref>

[[File:Ernest and Pauline Hemingway, Paris, 1927.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Ernest and [[Pauline Pfeiffer|Pauline]] Hemingway in Paris in 1927|alt=Photograph of Ernest Hemingway with his second wife]]
Before his marriage to Pfeiffer, Hemingway converted to Catholicism.<ref>Meyers (1985), 173, 184</ref> They honeymooned in [[Le Grau-du-Roi]], where he contracted [[anthrax]], and he planned his next collection of short stories,<ref>Mellow (1992), 348–353</ref> ''[[Men Without Women (short story collection)|Men Without Women]]'', which was published in October 1927,<ref name="Meyers p195">Meyers (1985), 195</ref> and included his [[boxing]] story "[[Fifty Grand]]". ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' magazine editor-in-chief [[Ray Long]] praised "Fifty Grand", calling it, "one of the best short stories that ever came to my hands&nbsp;... the best prize-fight story I ever read&nbsp;... a remarkable piece of realism."<ref>Long (1932), 2–3</ref>

By the end of the year Pauline was pregnant and wanted to move back to America. Dos Passos recommended [[Key West, Florida|Key West]], and they left Paris in March 1928. Hemingway suffered a severe head injury in their Paris bathroom when he pulled a [[skylight]] down on his head thinking he was pulling on a toilet chain. This left him with a prominent forehead scar, which he carried for the rest of his life. When Hemingway was asked about the scar, he was reluctant to answer.<ref>Robinson (2005)</ref> After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city".<ref name="Meyers p204">Meyers (1985), 204</ref>