Editing Espalier (section)

==Species choices==
[[File:DSCN3598 espalieredpeartree e.JPG|200px|left|thumb|A [[pear]] tree espaliered into a cordon. The picture was taken in the garden of [[the Cloisters]] in upper [[Manhattan]].]]

Certain types of trees adapt better to espalier than others, but almost any [[woody plant]] can be trained to grow along a flat plane by removing growth outside that plane.<ref name=IFAS/>
Horizontal T training of an apple or pear tree is a good example of the ideal species for espalier. In the spring, the tree is pruned to the lowest wire perhaps {{convert|15|-|18|in|cm|order=flip|round=5|abbr=on}} above the ground. During the summer, buds lengthen into branches; one trained vertically to the next wire while others are trained along the wires. Unnecessary buds are removed by rubbing them away with a thumb. In autumn, the side branches are lowered and tied to the wires completing the level. The following year another level is created.

Examples of species for espalier include:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*'''Trees:'''
**''Acer palmatum'' [[Acer palmatum|Japanese Maple]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Cercis canadensis'' [[Cercis canadensis|Redbud]]<ref name=IFAS/><ref name=Powell/>
**''Citrus spp.'' [[Citrus × limon|Lemon]], [[Citrus × sinensis|Orange]], [[Citrus × tangerina|Tangerine]], etc.<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Coccoloba uvifera'' [[Coccoloba uvifera|Sea grape]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Eriobotrya japonica'' [[Loquat]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Euonymus alata''       [[Euonymus alata|Winged Euonymus]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Ficus carica'' [[Ficus carica|Fig]]<ref name=IFAS/><ref name=Powell/>
**''Forsythia intermedia'' [[Forsythia intermedia|Forsythia]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Ilex spp.'' [[Holly|Hollies]],<ref name=IFAS/> esp. ''Ilex cornuta 'Burford''' [[Ilex cornuta|Burford holly]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Lagerstroemia indica'' [[Crape myrtle]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Magnolia grandiflora'' [[Southern magnolia]]<ref name=IFAS/><ref name=Powell/>
**''Magnolia stellata'' [[Magnolia stellata|Star Magnolia]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Malus spp.'' [[Apple]], [[Crabapple]], etc.<ref name=IFAS/><ref name=Powell/>
**''Olea europia'' [[Olive]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Prunus spp.'' [[Peach]], [[Nectarine]], [[Plum]], [[Almond]], etc.<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Pyrus spp.'' [[Pear]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Taxus sp.'' [[Taxus|Yew]]<ref name=Powell/>
{{col-break}}
*'''Shrubs:'''
**''Camellia japonica'' and ''C. sasanqua'' [[Camellia]]<ref name=IFAS/><ref name=Powell/>
**''Carissa grandiflora'' [[Natal plum]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Chaenomeles lagenaria'' [[Chaenomeles|Chinese flowering quince]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Cotoneaster sp.'' [[Cotoneaster]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Gardenia jasminoides'' [[Gardenia]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Juniperus spp.'' [[Juniper]],<ref name=IFAS/> esp. ''Juniperus × pfitzeriana''' [[Juniperus chinensis|Pfitzer juniper]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Ligustrum japonicum'' [[Privet]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Osmanthus fragrans'' [[Sweet Olive]]
**''Photinia glabra'' [[Photinia glabra|Redtip photinia]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Photinia serrulata'' [[Photinia serrulata|Chinese Photinia]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Podocarpus spp.'' [[Podocarpus]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Pyracantha spp.'' [[Pyracantha|Firethorn]],<ref name=Powell/> esp. Pyracantha coccinea'' [[Pyracantha coccinea]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Stewartia Koreana'' [[Stewartia|Korean Stewartia]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Viburnum sp.'' [[Viburnum]]<ref name=Powell/>
{{col-break}}
*'''Woody vines:'''
**''Allamanda cathartica'' [[Allamanda]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Ficus pumila'' [[Ficus pumila|Creeping fig]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Jasminum nudiflorum'' [[Jasminum nudiflorum|Winter Jasmine]]<ref name=Powell/>
**''Pyrostegia venusta'' [[Pyrostegia venusta|Flame vine]]<ref name=IFAS/>
**''Trachelospermum jasminoides'' [[Confederate jasmine]]<ref name=IFAS/>
{{col-end}}