Editing Exclusive dealing (section)

== In European Union law ==
Exclusive dealing agreements under the [[Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] are the [[Vertical agreement]]s that bind the customer to purchase all or most of a specific type of goods or services only from the dominant supplier. The term exclusive dealing agreement refers to an arrangement under which the supplier is restricted in their ability to supply anyone other than the specific down-stream customer and vice versa. The Commission stated in Guidelines on Vertical Restraints<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[European Commission]]|title=Guidelines on vertical restraints|date=May 2010|page=9|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:130:0001:0046:EN:PDF|format=PDF|access-date=January 20, 2023}}</ref> that agreements binding to purchase goods of 80% or more, will be caught in line with the meaning of exclusive dealings and may be determined abusive, see Case 85/76.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en,T,F&num=85/76|title=CURIA - List of results|website=curia.europa.eu}}</ref> An exclusive purchase agreement is not per se illegal under Article 102 (see Case C-413/14) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-413/14|title=CURIA - List of results|website=curia.europa.eu}}</ref> and can only be deemed abusive if it can be capable having a foreclosure effect on as-efficient competitors and has no objective justification, see.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=T-155/06|title=CURIA - List of results|website=curia.europa.eu}}</ref> Hence, a defence that the customer willingly entered into agreement will not suffice; the question is whether the agreement might horizontally foreclose competitors as efficient (or more) that the dominant company in the appropriate market, see Case 85/76<ref>[http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en,T,F&num=85/76 Case 85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission [1979<nowiki>]</nowiki> ECR 461], para.120</ref> and Case C-393/92.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-393/92|title=CURIA - List of results|website=curia.europa.eu}}</ref>

In [[Law and economics|economics and law]], there are many forms of exclusive dealing, however the three most commonly known are:

# De facto/Partial exclusive dealing
# Third line forcing
# Full line forcing