Editing Executive order (section)

=== Franklin Roosevelt ===
Before 1932, uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president and the lowering of flags to half-staff.

President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] issued the first of his 3,721 executive orders on March 6, 1933, declaring a [[bank holiday]], and forbidding banks to release [[gold coin]] or [[bullion]]. [[Executive Order 6102]] forbade the hoarding of gold coin, bullion and [[gold certificate (United States)|gold certificate]]s. A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury.<ref name=peters/>

By Executive Order 6581, the president created the [[Export-Import Bank of the United States]]. On March 7, 1934, he established the [[National Recovery Review Board]] (Executive Order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the [[National Labor Relations Board]].

In 1934, while [[Charles Evans Hughes]] was [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (the period being known as the [[Hughes Court]]), the Court found that the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]] (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said [[Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935]]", re-establishing the [[National Emergency Council]] to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act. On June 15, he issued Executive Order 7075, which terminated the NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the [[National Recovery Administration]].<ref>American Presidency Project, [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15081 Executive Order 7075] (May 29, 2009).</ref>

In the years that followed, Roosevelt replaced outgoing justices of the Supreme Court with people more in line with his views: [[Hugo Black]], [[Stanley Forman Reed|Stanley Reed]], [[Felix Frankfurter]], [[William O. Douglas]], [[Frank Murphy]], [[Robert H. Jackson]] and [[James F. Byrnes]]. Historically, only George Washington has had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments (as he chose all its original members).

Justices Frankfurter, Douglas, Black, and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in ''Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer'': in that case Roosevelt's successor, [[Harry S. Truman]], had ordered private steel production facilities seized in [[Executive Order 10340]] to support the [[Korean War]] effort: the Court held that the executive order was not within the power granted to the president by the Constitution.