Editing Expressionism (section)

==Groups of painters==

=== In Germany and Austria ===<!--According to [[Marilyn Stokstad]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Art history|art historian]]:
:"Expressionism (is) the manipulation of formal or representational elements to convey intense feelings."<ref>Marilyn Stokstad, [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/42451028&referer=brief_results ''Art History, Volume II,''] Revised edition. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall ©1999.) ISBN 0-13-082872-6, ISBN 978-0-13-082872-9 p.1025</ref></!-->
{{redirect|German Expressionism|the film genre|German expressionist cinema}}
[[File:Franz Marc 020.jpg|thumb|[[Franz Marc]], ''Rehe im Walde'' (''Deer in Woods''), 1914|left]]The style originated principally in Germany and Austria. There were groups of expressionist painters, including [[Der Blaue Reiter]] and [[Die Brücke]]. Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider, named after a painting) was based in Munich and Die Brücke (The Bridge) was originally based in [[Dresden]] (some members moved to [[Berlin]]). Die Brücke was active for a longer period than Der Blaue Reiter, which was only together for a year (1912). The Expressionists were influenced by artists and sources including Edvard Munch, Vincent van Gogh and [[African art]].<ref>[[Ian Buruma]], "Desire in Berlin", ''New York Review of Books'', December 8, 2008, p. 19.</ref> They were also aware of the work being done by the [[Fauvism|Fauves]] in Paris, who influenced Expressionism's tendency toward arbitrary colours and jarring compositions. In reaction and opposition to French Impressionism, which emphasized the rendering of the visual appearance of objects, Expressionist artists sought to portray emotions and subjective interpretations. It was not important to reproduce an aesthetically pleasing impression of the artistic subject matter, they felt, but rather to represent vivid emotional reactions by powerful colours and dynamic compositions. Kandinsky, the main artist of ''Der Blaue Reiter'', believed that with simple colours and shapes the spectator could perceive the moods and feelings in the paintings, a theory that encouraged him towards increased abstraction.<ref name="EHGombrich" />

=== The School of Paris ===
{{Main article|School of Paris}}
In Paris a group of artists dubbed the ''[[School of Paris|École de Paris]]'' ([[School of Paris]]) by [[André Warnod]] were also known for their expressionist art.''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-25 |title=The Jewish painters of l'École de Paris-from the Holocaust to today |url=https://k-larevue.com/en/the-jewish-painters-of-lecole-de-paris-from-the-holocaust-to-today/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Jews, Europe, the XXIst century |language=en-US |quote=“ l’École de Paris is a term coined by the art critic André Warnod in 1925, in the magazine Comœdia, to define the group formed by foreign painters in Paris. The École de Paris does not designate a movement or a school in the academic sense of the term, but a historical fact. In Warnod’s mind, this term was intended to counter a latent xenophobia rather than to establish a theoretical approach.}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ecole de Paris: French Art School Led by Picasso |url=http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/ecole-de-paris.htm |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.visual-arts-cork.com}}</ref> This was especially prevalent amongst the foreign born Jewish painters of the [[School of Paris]] such as [[Chaïm Soutine|Chaim Soutine]], [[Marc Chagall]], [[Yitzhak Frenkel]], [[Abraham Mintchine]] and others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Nieszawer |first=Nadine |title=Histoire des Artistes Juifs de l'École de Paris: Stories of Jewish Artists of the School of Paris |year=2020 |isbn=979-8633355567 |publisher=Les Étoiles Éditions |location=France |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-02 |title=Alexandre FRENEL |url=https://ecoledeparis.org/alexandre-frenel/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-02 |title=Marc CHAGALL |url=https://ecoledeparis.org/marc-chagall/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris |language=en-US}}</ref> These artists' expressionism was described as restless and emotional by Frenkel.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Barzel |first=Amnon |title=Frenel Isaac Alexander |publisher=Masada |year=1974 |location=Israel |pages=14 |language=English}}</ref> These artists, centered in the Montparnasse district of Paris tended to portray human subjects and humanity, evoking emotion through facial expression.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lurie |first=Aya |title=Treasured in the Heart: Haim Gliksberg's Portraits |year=2005 |isbn=978-9657161234 |publisher=מוזיאון תל־אביב לאמנות |location=Tel Aviv}}</ref> Others focused on the expression of mood rather than a formal structure.<ref name="Roditi_1968">Roditi, Eduard (1968). "The School of Paris". ''European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe'', '''3'''(2), 13–20.</ref> The art of Jewish expressionists was characterized as dramatic and tragic, perhaps in connection to Jewish suffering following persecution and pogroms.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ofrat |first=Gideon |title=The Birth of Secular Art from the Zionist Spirit |publisher=Carmel |year=2012 |location=Jerusalem |pages=234 |language=he}}</ref>

=== In the United States ===
The ideas of German expressionism influenced the work of American artist [[Marsden Hartley]], who met Kandinsky in Germany in 1913.<ref>"Hartley, Marsden", Oxford Art Online</ref> In late 1939, at the beginning of [[World War II]], [[New York City]] received many European artists. After the war, Expressionism influenced many young American artists. [[Norris Embry]] (1921–1981) studied with [[Oskar Kokoschka]] in 1947 and during the next 43 years produced a large body of work in the Expressionist tradition. Embry has been termed "the first American German Expressionist".  Other American artists of the late 20th and early 21st century have developed distinct styles that may be considered part of Expressionism. 

After World War II, figurative expressionism influenced  artists and styles around the world. In the U.S., American Expressionism and [[American Figurative Expressionism]], particularly [[Boston Expressionism]], were an integral part of [[American modernism]] around the Second World War.<ref>Bram Dijkstra, [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50866889&referer=brief_results ''American expressionism : art and social change, 1920–1950,''](New York : H.N. Abrams, in association with the Columbus Museum of Art, 2003.) {{ISBN|0-8109-4231-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8109-4231-8}}</ref><ref>Judith Bookbinder, [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/57652272&referer=brief_results ''Boston modern: figurative expressionism as alternative modernism''] (Durham, N.H. : University of New Hampshire Press; Hanover : [[University Press of New England]], ©2005.) {{ISBN|1-58465-488-0}}, {{ISBN|978-1-58465-488-9}}</ref> [[Thomas B. Hess]] wrote that "the ‘New figurative painting’ which some have been expecting as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism was implicit in it at the start, and is one of its most lineal continuities."<ref>Thomas B. Hess, “The Many Deaths of American Art,” ''Art News'' 59 (October 1960), p.25</ref>
* Major figurative [[Boston Expressionism|Boston Expressionists]] included: [[Karl Zerbe]], [[Hyman Bloom]], [[Jack Levine]], [[David Aronson]]. The Boston Expressionists persisted after World War II despite their marginalization by the development of [[abstract expressionism]] centered in New York City, and are currently in the third generation.
* [[New York Figurative Expressionism]]<ref>Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/59997649&referer=brief_results ''The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism''] (Newport Beach, California : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.) {{ISBN|978-0-8478-0942-4}}</ref><ref>“Editorial,” ''Reality, A Journal of Artists’ Opinions'' (Spring 1954), p. 2.</ref> of the 1950s represented New York figurative artists such as [[Robert Beauchamp]], [[Elaine de Kooning]], [[Robert Goodnough]], [[Grace Hartigan]], [[Lester Johnson (artist)|Lester Johnson]], [[Alex Katz]], [[George McNeil (artist)]], [[Jan Müller (artist)|Jan Muller]], [[Fairfield Porter]], [[Gregorio Prestopino]], [[Larry Rivers]] and [[Bob Thompson (painter)|Bob Thompson]].
* [[Lyrical Abstraction]], [[Tachisme]]<ref>Flight lyric, Paris 1945–1956, texts Patrick-Gilles Persin, Michel and Pierre Descargues Ragon, Musée du Luxembourg, Paris and Skira, Milan, 2006, 280 p. {{ISBN|88-7624-679-7}}.</ref> of the 1940s and 1950s in Europe represented by artists such as [[Georges Mathieu]], [[Hans Hartung]], [[Nicolas de Staël]] and others.
* [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]]<ref>Caroline A. Jones, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21294814&referer=brief_results, ''Bay Area figurative art, 1950–1965,''] (San Francisco, California : San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; Berkeley : University of California Press, ©1990.) {{ISBN|978-0-520-06842-1}}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=9780967799421&fq=dt%3Abks ''American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless''] (New York School Press, 2009.) {{ISBN|978-0-9677994-2-1}} pp. 44–47; 56–59; 80–83; 112–115; 192–195; 212–215; 240–243; 248–251</ref> represented by early figurative expressionists from the San Francisco area [[Elmer Bischoff]], [[Richard Diebenkorn]], and [[David Park (painter)|David Park]]. The movement from 1950 to 1965 was joined by [[Theophilus Brown]], [[Paul Wonner]], [[Hassel Smith]], [[Nathan Oliveira]], [[Jay DeFeo]], [[Joan Brown]], [[Manuel Neri]], [[Frank Lobdell]], and [[Roland Peterson]].
* [[Abstract expressionism]] of the 1950s represented American artists such as [[Louise Bourgeois]], [[Hans Burkhardt]], [[Mary Callery]], [[Nicolas Carone]], [[Willem de Kooning]], [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Philip Guston]], and others<ref>Marika Herskovic, [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50253062&tab=holdings ''American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125405/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50253062%26tab%3Dholdings |date=2007-09-29 }} (New York School Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-9677994-1-4}}. pp. 46–49; pp. 62–65; pp. 70–73; pp. 74–77; pp. 94–97; 262–264</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/298188260&referer=brief_results ''American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless: An Illustrated Survey With Artists' Statements, Artwork and Biographies''](New York School Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-9677994-2-1}}. pp.24–27; pp.28–31; pp.32–35; pp. 60–63; pp.64–67; pp.72–75; pp.76–79; pp. 112–115; 128–131; 136–139; 140–143; 144–147; 148–151; 156–159; 160–163;</ref> that participated with figurative expressionism.
* [[Sōsaku-hanga]] (創作版画 "creative prints") was an expressionist woodblock print movement in early 20th century Japan. The movement was characterized by the work of [[Kanae Yamamoto (artist)]], [[Kōshirō Onchi]], and many others.
* [[Lyrical Abstraction]] in the United States and Canada beginning during the late 1960s and the 1970s. Characterized by the work of [[Dan Christensen]], [[Peter Young (artist)|Peter Young]], [[Ronnie Landfield]], [[Ronald Davis]], [[Larry Poons]], [[Walter Darby Bannard]], [[Charles Arnoldi]], [[Pat Lipsky]] and many others.<ref>Ryan, David (2002). ''Talking painting: dialogues with twelve contemporary abstract painters'', p.211, [[Routledge]].
{{ISBN|0-415-27629-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-27629-0}}. Available on [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7EaHuAfNtwC&dq=%22lyrical+abstraction%22+expressionist&pg=PA211 Google Books].</ref><ref>[http://www.bocamuseum.org/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=ExhibitionArchive&category=Exhibitions "Exhibition archive: Expanding Boundaries: Lyrical Abstraction"], [[Boca Raton Museum of Art]], 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=36016 "John Seery"], [[National Gallery of Australia]]. Retrieved 25 September 2009.</ref>
* [[Neo-expressionism]] was an international revival style that began in the late 1970s and 1980s.