Editing False brinelling (section)

==Examples==
False brinelling was first mentioned by Almen in 1937.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Almen|first1=J.O.|title=Lubricants and False Brinelling of Ball and Roller Bearings|journal=Mechanical Engineering|date=1937|volume=59|issue=6|pages=415–422}}</ref> Almen found that wheel bearings were damaged before they were used by customers. Furthermore, he found that the bearings were more damaged for long-distance shipping of the cars and that the season of shipping also had an influence. The reason for the damaged bearings were micro-oscillations<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pittroff|first1=Hans|title=Fretting Corrosion Caused by Vibration With Rolling Bearings Stationary|journal=Journal of Basic Engineering|date=1965|volume=87|issue=3|pages=713–723|doi=10.1115/1.3650657}}</ref> which occurred due to the shipping.  The small oscillations result in fatigue cracking, followed by release of particles that subsequently start to abrasively damage the contact area between a ball and the bearing race, resulting in a typical wear damage.  Because the damage has a similar look to brinelling, it was called false brinelling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309585771|title=Service Life of Blade Bearings - Problems Faced in Service Life Estimation of Blade Bearings|last1=Schwack|first1=Fabian|last2=Poll|first2=Gerhard|website=ResearchGate|access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref>

[[File:Bike-Steering.png|thumb|Example of an application in which false brinelling may occur]]

Although the car-delivery problem has been solved, there are many modern examples.  A major maintenance problem are the pitch bearings in [[Wind turbine|wind turbines]], for which specialty greases had to be developed that result in almost no false brinelling damage.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schwack|first1=Fabian|title=Time-depending analyses of wear in oscillating bearings|journal=STLE|date=2017|issue=72nd|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316543220}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stammler|first1=Matthias|title=Blade bearings: Damage mechanisms and test strategies|journal=CWD 2015|date=March 2015|pages=371–379|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304789817}}</ref> Similar damage may also occur in electric and electronic contacts that are subjected to vibrations during use, think of aerospace and automotive connectors and even [[remote control]] battery compartments. Although the damage in these areas may not be as severe as the false brinelling in bearings, the damage mechanisms are similar and result in the creation of particles in the contact that can severely influence the electrical connection.

Also, [[Electrical generator|generator]]s or [[pump]]s may fail or need service because of this damage, so it is common to have a nearby spare unit which is left off most of the time but brought into service when needed. Surprisingly, however, vibration from the operating unit can cause bearing failure in the unit which is switched off. When that unit is turned on, the bearings may be noisy due to damage, and may fail completely within a few days or weeks<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schwack|first1=Fabian|title=Comparison of Life Calculations for Oscillating Bearings Considering Individual Pitch Control in Wind Turbines|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|volume=753|date=2016|issue=753|pages=11|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/753/11/112013|bibcode=2016JPhCS.753k2013S|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/tema:TEMA20130803793/False-brinelling-standstill-marks-on-roller-bearings/?tx_tibsearch_search%5Bsearchspace%5D=tn |title=False brinelling standstill marks on roller bearings |publisher=Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) |year=2011 |isbn=9783901657382 |access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref> even though the unit and its bearings are otherwise new.  Common solutions include: keeping the spare unit at a distance from the one which is on and vibrating; manually rotating shafts of the spare units on a regular (for example, weekly) basis; or regularly switching between the units so that both are in regular (for example, weekly) operation.

Until recently, bicycle [[Headset (bicycle part)|headsets]] tended to suffer from false brinelling in the "straight ahead" steering position, due to small movements caused by flexing of the fork.  Good modern headsets incorporate a [[plain bearing]] to accommodate this flexing, leaving the ball race to provide pure rotational movement.  {{Citation needed|date=April 2021|reason= PS- "Good modern" is very vague -- who makes them?  Modern as of what date?  I cannot think of a single example of a "modern bicycle headset" which contains a plain bearing in addition to the roller elements.  Campagnolo?  Wood?  Chris King?  FSA?  Cane Creek?}}