Editing Figure skating spins (section)

== Types/positions of spins ==
There are two types of spins, the forward spin and the backward spin. The forward spin is executed on the back inside edge of the skate and is entered into by the forward outside edge and [[3 turn]]; the equivalent movement is [[ballet]] in the ''pirouette en dedans''. The backward spin, which is executed on the back outside edge, is entered into by the forward inside edge and 3 turn; the equivalent movement in ballet is the ''pirouette en dehors''.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=129}}

There are three basic spin positions: the '''upright spin''', the '''sit spin''', and the '''camel spin'''.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=280}}{{Snf|Cabell|Bateman|2018|p=25}}{{Efn|See ISU's "Communication No. 2168" for points awarded for each spin and varieties of spin.<ref name="no2168-13">{{cite web |title=Communication No. 2168: Single & Pair Skating |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file |publisher=International Skating Union |url-status=dead |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227152621/http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120515&content_id=31336512&vkey=ice_news |archive-date=27 February 2014|location=Lausanne, Switzerland |pages=3–5; 7–8 |date=23 May 2018}}</ref>}}

=== Upright spin ===
{{Main|Upright spin}}

[[File:European 2011 Denise Biellmann 2.jpg|thumb|[[Denise Biellmann]], 2011]]

The '''upright spin''' is one of the three basic figure skating spin positions. The ISU defines an upright spin as a spin with "any position with the skating leg extended or slightly bent which is not a camel position".<ref name="S&P/ID2021-100">S&P/ID 2021, p. 100</ref> It was invented by British figure skater Cecilia Colledge, who was the first to execute it.{{Snf|Hines|2006|p=112}} Variations of the upright spin include the '''layback spin''', the '''[[Biellmann spin|Biellman spin]]''' (created by world champion [[Denise Biellmann]]),<ref name="kestnbaum-281">Kestnbaum, p. 281</ref>{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=281}} the '''full layback''', the '''split''', the '''back upright spin''', the '''forward upright spin''', the '''scratch spin''' (also called the blur spin),{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=280}} and the '''sideways leaning spin'''.<ref name="S&P/ID2021-100"/>

===Sit spin===
{{Main|Sit spin}}The '''sit spin''', invented by American figure skater [[Jackson Haines]], "represents one of the most important spins in skating".{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=144}} It is executed on one foot, in a sitting position, with the knee of the skating leg bent in a one-legged crouch position and the free leg held in front, to the side or to the back.<ref name="no2393-4">Communications No. 2393, p. 4</ref>{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=280}} It is difficult to learn, requires a great deal of energy, and is not as exciting to perform as other elements, such as jumps, but it has variations that make it more creative and pleasurable to watch.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=144}}{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=148}} Skaters increase the difficulty of the sit spin in several ways.<ref name="no2393-4" />

=== Camel spin ===
{{Main|Camel spin}}
Colledge was also responsible for the invention of the '''camel spin''' (also called the '''parallel spin''');{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=280}} she was the first to perform it, in the mid-1930s.{{Snf|Hines|2006|p=103}}{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=107}}<ref name="hines-112">Hines, p. 112</ref>{{Snf|Hines|2006|p=112}} Writer Ellyn Kestnbaum speculates that the camel and layback spins, which "heightened the visual function of the skater creating interesting shapes with her body",{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=107}} were, for the first ten years after their inventions, performed mostly by women and not by men because it was easier for women to achieve the interesting shapes the camel spin creates than it is for men.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|pp=107–108}} American skater [[Dick Button]], however, performed the first forward camel spin, a variation of the camel spin, and spins became a regular part of the repertoire of male skaters.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=93}} The camel spin is executed on one foot and is an adaptation of the [[Arabesque (ballet position)|arabesque]] ballet pose to the ice.<ref name="no2393-4" />{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=150}} When executed well, the stretch of the body should create a slight arch or straight line.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=280}} Skaters increase the difficulty of camel spins in a variety of ways.<ref name="no2393-4" />

===Flying spins===
A '''flying spin''' is the combination of a jump and a spin. A flying spin can be appealing for the audience to watch and exciting for the skater to perform.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=157}} Petrovich describes three types of flying spins: the flying camel, the flying sit spin, and the butterfly. The '''flying camel''' consists of a jump from a left forward outside edge, about one revolution in the air, with the landing executed in a camel spin. Dick Button might have been the first skater to successfully execute the flying camel; for many years, it was called the "Button camel".<ref>Petkevich, p. 158</ref>{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=93}}{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=158}} The '''flying sit spin''' was first performed by [[Arthur Vaughn Jr.|Buddy Vaughn]] and [[Bill Grimditch]], who were students of figure skating coach [[Gustave Lussi|Gustav Lussi]], but Button and [[Ronald Robertson (figure skater)|Ronnie Robertson]] made it famous. It consists of a take-off from a left forward outside edge, a sit spin position in the air during one-and-a-half revolutions, and a landing in a sit spin.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=163}} According to Petkevich, "When the jump is high, it can be an exhilarating maneuver for skater and audience alike".{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=163}} The '''butterfly spin''' is so named because it describes the position in the air. It consists of a take-off from both feet, a body position horizontal to the ice, and a landing in a back spin. It is often performed at the end of a skater's program because although it adds to a program's technical content, it does not require much precision or energy to execute.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=174}}

The jump section of flying spins is executed at the beginning of the spin and is part of the entrance into it. The angular momentum on the entrance, like for all spins, must be converted into pure rotational momentum. In ordinary jumps, angular momentum allows the skater to travel a long distance across the rink and propel high into the air, but for flying spins, the principles that govern the spin dominate the jump portion of the spin. The goal is to minimize forward motion on the jump portion. Creating speed on the spin portion is also a goal, but a flying spin never achieves the speed of a basic spin because some of the forces assigned to achieving the speed in a basic spin must be used to achieve height on the flying spin's jump portion. Centering the spin after the jump depends on converting all the angular momentum into rotational momentum. Mastering the flying spin takes less time and practice if skaters have already mastered basic spin techniques and good jumping ability.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=157}}

===Spin combinations===
'''Spin combinations''' are required in the programs of all disciplines.<ref>S&P/ID 2021, pp. 102–104, 106–107, 112–113, 115, 139, 142</ref> Flying spins and basic spins can be combined in any number of variations. The maintenance, or acceleration, of the rotational momentum created on the entrance of the first spin is the most important principle governing the execution of spin combinations, which require quick movements during the spins' transitions. When a change of feet is required to successfully perform spin combinations, the center of rotation of subsequent spins should be as close as possible to the center of rotation of the first spin of the combination.{{Snf|Petkevich|1988|p=177}} Spin combinations must include more than one position and may or may not involve a change of foot.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=281}}
[[File:Caroline Zhang combo spin.JPG|center|thumb|620x620px|[[Caroline Zhang]] performing a combination spin, 2007]]