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First Serbian Uprising
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==Uprising against the Dahije== [[File:Dahias & Mustapha Pasa.jpg|An illustration of [[Hadži Mustafa Pasha]] murdered by the [[Dahije]]|thumb|left]] [[File:Orašac Assembly (1804).jpg|thumb|Orašac Assembly]] On 14 February 1804, a group of leading Serbs [[Orašac Assembly|gathered]] at [[Marićevića jaruga|Marićević Gully]], in the small village of [[Orašac (Aranđelovac)|Orašac]] (near [[Aranđelovac]]) to support a call for a general uprising. The meeting was held after the massacre and the resentment against the Dahije, who had revoked the privileges granted to the Serbs by Selim III. Among those present were [[Stanoje Glavaš]], [[Atanasije Antonijević]], and [[Tanasko Rajić]]. They elected [[Karađorđe|Đorđe Petrović]], a cattle trader known as Karađorđe, as their leader. Karađorđe, a former member of the Freikorps during the Austro-Turkish War and an officer in the national militia, had considerable military experience.{{sfn | Jelavich | Cambridge University Press | Joint Committee of Eastern Europe | Joint Committee on Eastern Europe | 1983 | p=200}} Serbian forces quickly took control of [[Šumadija]], leaving the Dahije with only Belgrade under their control. The Istanbul government ordered the pashas of the neighbouring Pashaliks not to help the Dahije.<ref name="Vucinich, Wayne S 1813">Vucinich, Wayne S. The First Serbian Uprising, 1804–1813. Social Science Monographs, Brooklyn College Press, 1982.</ref> At first the Serbs fought on the side of the Sultan against the Janissaries, but later they were supported by an Ottoman official and the [[Sipahi]] cavalry corps.{{sfn|Morison|2012|p=xviii}} Despite their small numbers, the Serbs achieved significant military victories, capturing [[Požarevac]] and [[Šabac]] and launching successful attacks on [[Smederevo]] and [[Belgrade]] in quick succession.{{sfn|Morison|2012|p=xviii}} In July 1804, the Sultan, fearing that the Serbian movement might get out of control, sent [[Bekir Pasha]], former Pasha of Belgrade and now Pasha of [[Bosnia Eyalet]], to officially help the Serbs, but in reality to keep them under control.{{sfn|Morison|2012|p=xviii}} [[Alija Gušanac]], the Janissary commander of Belgrade, faced with both Serbs and imperial authority, allowed Bekir Pasha into the city.{{sfn|Morison|2012|p=xviii}} The Dahije had previously fled east to [[Ada Kale]], an island in the Danube.{{sfn|Morison|2012|p=xix}} Bekir demanded the surrender of the Dahije. Meanwhile, Karađorđe sent his commander, [[Milenko Stojković]], to the island.{{sfn|Petrovich|1976|p=34}} The Dahije refused to surrender, so Stojković attacked and captured them. He had them beheaded on the night of 5–6 August 1804.{{sfn|Petrovich|1976|p=34}} After destroying the power of the Dahije, Bekir Pasha wanted the Serbs disbanded. However, since the Janissaries still held important towns such as [[Užice]], the Serbs were unwilling to stop without guarantees.{{sfn|Morison|2012|p=xix}} In May 1804, Serbian leaders under Đorđe Petrović met in Ostružnica to continue the uprising. Their goals were to seek protection from [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], to petition Sultan Selim for greater autonomy, and to request Russian protection from the Russian ambassador in Istanbul. The Russian government maintained a neutral policy toward the Serbian revolt until the summer of 1804 due to the recent Russo-Turkish friendship, which was a response to the growing influence of France. At the beginning of the uprising, the Russian envoy in [[Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro|Montenegro]] refused to deliver the message when the Serbs asked for help and instructed the Serbs to petition the Sultan. However, in the summer of 1804, after the meeting in Ostružnica, the Russian government changed its policy to be recognized by Istanbul as the guarantor of peace in the region.<ref name="Vucinich, Wayne S 1813"/> Negotiations between the Serbs and the Ottomans began in May 1804, mediated by the Austrian governor of [[Slavonian Military Frontier|Slavonia]]. As Trâpcea notes, the Serbs made only modest demands, seeking autonomy within the borders of the Pashalik.{{sfn|Trâpcea|1942|p=269}} This autonomy was to be under the control of a Serbian knez with the power to collect taxes for the [[Sublime Porte]]. In addition, the Serbian leaders demanded further restrictions on the Janissaries. In 1805, negotiations between the Porte and the Serbs broke down over the Porte's inability to accept an agreement guaranteed by a foreign power and the Serbs' refusal to lay down their arms. Fearing a Christian uprising, the Porte issued a decree on 7 May 1805, ordering the rebels to disarm and rely on regular Ottoman troops to protect them from the Dahije. The Serbs, however, summarily ignored the decree.<ref>{{Cite journal |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=C.E. |editor3-first=Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=W.P. |editor5-first=Heinrichs |title=Ṣi̊rb |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1091 |oclc=882844266}}</ref>{{sfn|Morison|2012|p=xix}} Selim responded by ordering Hafiz Pasham, the Pasha of Niš, to march against the Serbs and take Belgrade.{{sfn | Jelavich | Cambridge University Press | Joint Committee of Eastern Europe | Joint Committee on Eastern Europe | 1983 | p=198}}
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