Editing Fish locomotion (section)

=== Body/caudal fin propulsion ===
There are five groups that differ in the fraction of their body that is displaced laterally:<ref name=Breder>{{cite journal | last1 = Breder | first1 = CM | year = 1926 | title = The locomotion of fishes | journal = Zoologica | volume = 4 | pages = 159–297 }}</ref>

==== Anguilliform<!--This term redirects here!--> ====
{{Redirect2|Anguilliform|Anguilliforms|Anguilliformes, the order of ray-finned fishes|Eel}}
[[File:FMIB 35739 Anguilla vulgaris -- Anguilla.jpeg|thumb|[[Eel]]s propagate a more or less constant-sized flexion wave along their slender bodies.]]

In the anguilliform group, containing some long, slender fish such as [[eel]]s, there is little increase in the amplitude of the flexion wave as it passes along the body.<ref name=Breder/><ref>Long Jr, J. H., Shepherd, W., & Root, R. G. (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160122095453/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA330550#page=122 Manueuverability and reversible propulsion: How eel-like fish swim forward and backward using travelling body waves".] In: ''Proc. Special Session on Bio-Engineering Research Related to Autonomous Underwater Vehicles'', 10th Int. Symp. Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology (pp. 118–134).</ref>

==== Subcarangiform ====
{{Anchor|Sub-carangiform}} <!--alt spelling-->
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The subcarangiform group has a more marked increase in wave amplitude along the body with the vast majority of the work being done by the rear half of the fish. In general, the fish body is stiffer, making for higher speed but reduced maneuverability. [[Trout]] use sub-carangiform locomotion.<ref name=Breder/>

==== Carangiform ====
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{{Redirect2|Carangiform|Carangiforms|the order of ray-finned fishes|Carangiformes}}

The carangiform group, named for the [[Carangidae]], are stiffer and faster-moving than the previous groups. The vast majority of movement is concentrated in the very rear of the body and tail. Carangiform swimmers generally have rapidly oscillating tails.<ref name=Breder/>

==== Thunniform ====
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[[File:Bluefin-big.jpg|thumb|Tunas such as the [[bluefin tuna (disambiguation)|bluefin]] swim fast with their large crescent-shaped tails.]]

The thunniform group contains high-speed long-distance swimmers, and is characteristic of [[tuna]]s<ref name=Hawkins>{{cite journal | last1 = Hawkins | first1 = JD | last2 = Sepulveda | first2 = CA | last3 = Graham | first3 = JB | last4 = Dickson | first4 = KA | year = 2003 | title = Swimming performance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito ''Sarda chiliensis'', a close relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) II. Kinematics | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 206 | issue = 16| pages = 2749–2758 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.00496 | pmid = 12847120 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and is also found in several [[Lamnidae|lamnid sharks]].<ref>{{cite book | first = A. Peter | last = Klimley | title = The Biology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays | publisher = University of Chicago Press | date = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-226-44249-5}}</ref> Here, virtually all the sideways movement is in the tail and the region connecting the main body to the tail (the peduncle). The tail itself tends to be large and crescent shaped.<ref name=Breder/>

====Ostraciiform ====
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The ostraciiform group have no appreciable body wave when they employ caudal locomotion. Only the tail fin itself oscillates (often very rapidly) to create [[thrust]]. This group includes [[Ostraciidae]].<ref name=Breder/>