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Flying ointment
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==Extreme toxicity of active ingredients== With the exception of ''[[Potentilla reptans]]'', the plants most frequently recorded as ingredients in Early Modern recipes for flying ointments are extremely toxic<ref>Tampion, John : ''Dangerous Plants'', pub. David and Charles, Canada 1977. {{ISBN|0 7153 7375 7}}</ref> and have caused numerous fatalities when eaten,<ref>A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants : A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists by Frohne, Dietrich and Pfänder, Hans Jürgen of University of Kiel, translated from second German edition by Norman Grainger Bisset, London : a Wolfe Science Book and one of the volumes in the illustrated series Wolfe Atlases, pub. Wolfe Publishing Ltd. 1984.</ref> whether by confusion with edible species<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mateo Montoya | first1 = A | last2 = Mavrakanas | first2 = N | last3 = Schutz | first3 = JS | year = 2009 | title = Acute anticholinergic syndrome from Atropa belladonna mistaken for blueberries | journal = Eur J Ophthalmol | volume = 19 | issue = 1| pages = 170–2 | pmid = 19123171 | doi = 10.1177/112067210901900130 | s2cid = 9387171 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/blog2/blog281115.htm |title=The POISON GARDEN Website blog - 28th November 2015 |publisher=Thepoisongarden.co.uk |access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> or in cases of criminal poisoning<ref>Schenk, Gustav ''Das Buch der Gifte'' translated by Michael Bullock as ''The Book of Poisons'' pub. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1956 page 28, re. A. belladonna as Lithuanian criminal poison 'Maulda'.</ref> or [[suicide]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4894214 | pmid=27366377 | doi=10.5152/TJAR.2013.43 | volume=41 | title=Anticholinergic Toxic Syndrome Caused by Atropa Belladonna Fruit (Deadly Nightshade): A Case Report | journal=Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim | pages=226–8 | last1 = Demirhan | first1 = A | last2 = Tekelioğlu | first2 = ÜY | last3 = Yıldız | first3 = İ | last4 = Korkmaz | first4 = T | last5 = Bilgi | first5 = M | last6 = Akkaya | first6 = A | last7 = Koçoğlu | first7 = H | year = 2013| issue=6 }}</ref> The historian, [[occult]]ist and [[theosophist]] {{Ill|Carl Kiesewetter|de}} of [[Meiningen]], author of ''Geschichte des Neueren Occultismus'' in 1892 and ''Die Geheimwissenschaften, eine Kulturgeschichte der Esoterik'' in 1895, was one such casualty.<ref>Bert-Marco Schuldes: Psychotropicon zum Bilsenkraut und dem Tod Kiesewetters. In: Psychotropicon. Das Online-Magazin für Psychonauten vom 5. März 2012.</ref>
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