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Former Yan
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=== Reign of Murong Huang === Murong Hui died in 333 and was succeeded by his son, [[Murong Huang]]. The Murong attempted to establish the [[Succession to the Chinese throne|Chinese succession rule]] from father to eldest son of the main wife, but this was in conflict with their traditional practice of [[Order of succession#Lateral succession|lateral succession]]. Shortly after ascending, Huang's brother, [[Murong Ren]] rebelled in eastern Liaodong and split the domain into two. Huang defeated Ren in 336, but the issue of succession continued to persist for the Murong even after they established their states. In 337, he took the title of Prince of Yan through the support of his officials. Most historians regard this event as the start of the Former Yan dynasty, with the name "Former Yan" being used to distinguish it between the other Yan states that came after it. In 341, Huang pressured the Jin court into formally recognizing his imperial title, but throughout his reign, he never explicitly declared independence and continued to consider himself as a Jin vassal. Murong Huang's reign saw Former Yan rapidly expanding its influence. In 338, Yan allied with the [[Later Zhao|Later Zhao dynasty]] to conquer the Duan tribe in Liaoxi. Though the campaign was a success, Zhao then betrayed Yan and laid siege on Jícheng. Despite heavy odds, Yan was able to repel the Zhao forces. In 340, Yan carried out a massive raid on Zhao, reaching all the way to Gaoyang Commandery (高陽郡; around present-day [[Gaoyang County]], [[Hebei]]) and capturing 30,000 households before withdrawing. In 342, Murong Huang moved the capital to [[Longcheng District|Longcheng]]. Later that year, Former Yan invaded [[Goguryeo]] and sacked the capital [[Hwando]], forcing their king [[Gogugwon of Goguryeo|Gogugwon]] into submission. In 344, they attacked the Yuwen tribe and destroyed their power base, while in 346, they invaded [[Buyeo]] and captured their king, [[Hyeon of Buyeo|Hyeon]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EazRC28tdIIC&pg=PA4|title=Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen|author=Chinul|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|others=Translated by Robert E. Buswell|year=1991|isbn=0824814274|editor-last=Buswell|editor-first=Robert E.|edition=abridged|page=4|access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Tennant">{{cite book|last1=Tennant|first1=Charles Roger|title=A History of Korea|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780710305329|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn85nFTAX8EC&pg=PA22|access-date=10 October 2016|language=en|quote=Soon after, the Wei fell to the Jin and Koguryŏ grew stronger, until in 313 they finally succeeded in occupying Lelang and bringing to an end the 400 years of China's presence in the peninsula, a period sufficient to ensure that for the next 1,500 it would remain firmly within the sphere of its culture. After the fall of the Jin in 316, the proto-Mongol Xianbei occupied the North of China, of which the Murong clan took the Shandong area, moved up to the Liao, and in 341 sacked and burned the Koguryŏ capital at Hwando. They took away some thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labour to build more walls of their own, and in 346 went on to wreak even greater destruction on Puyŏ, hastening what seems to have been a continuing migration of its people into the north-eastern area of the peninsula, but Koguryŏ, though temporarily weakened, would soon rebuild its walls and continue to expand.}}</ref> As a result of these campaigns, the Former Yan became the sole military power in northeastern China. Huang also abolished the Eastern Jin [[Chinese era name|era names]] within his domain in 345, instead claiming that they were now in the 12th year of his reign since he first succeeded his father.
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