Editing Formula One car (section)

== Components ==
=== Engine and fuel ===
{{Main|Formula One engines}}

[[File:Cosworth_DFV_in_Tyrrell_008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A [[Cosworth]] [[Cosworth DFV|DFV]] [[V8 engine]] fitted to a [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]], used from the late 1960s to early 1980s.]]

Since its inception, Formula One has used a number of different [[engine]] [[Formula One regulations|regulations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mclaren.com/racing/car/history-of-the-f1-engine/|title=McLaren Racing - History of the F1 engine|work=[[McLaren Racing]]|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192041/https://www.mclaren.com/racing/car/history-of-the-f1-engine/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine_rule_changes_history.html|title=F1 Engine rule change through the years|work=Formula1 dictionary|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111173531/http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine_rule_changes_history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the early years, a [[front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout]] was used with a 4.5&nbsp;[[liter|L]] [[naturally aspirated]] or a 1.5&nbsp;L [[supercharged]] engine capable of an output power of up to {{cvt|425|hp|kW|disp=flip}}. Progressively the [[engine capacity]] and power were reduced, and was limited to 0.75&nbsp;L with compressor or 2.5&nbsp;L without one during the late 1950s. In 1961, the engine was [[mid-engine design|positioned behind the driver]] and the capacity was regulated to 1300&ndash;1500 cc with a power output of 150&ndash;225 hp without supercharging. In 1966, FIA increased engine capacity and allowed up to 3.0&nbsp;L atmospheric with a power range of {{cvt|390-500|hp|kW|disp=flip}} or 1.5&nbsp;L supercharged with a power range of {{cvt|500-900|hp|kW|disp=flip}}. While the basic structure and configuration of a Formula One remained same since the late 1960s, the power output of the engines increased progressively to {{cvt|1400|hp|kW|disp=flip}} at 12000 [[rpm]] in 1986. In 1987-88, [[turbocharged]] eight-cylinder engines were introduced alongside atmospheric engines with fuel caps for races introduced for turbocharged engines. Turbocharges were banned from [[1989 Formula One season|1989]] with 3.0&nbsp;L engines becoming the norm in the 1990s and led to the introduction of [[V10 engine|V10]] and [[V12 engine]]s.<ref name="E1"/><ref name="E2">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine.html|title=Formula 1 Engine|work=Formula1 dictionary|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035405/http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:BMW M12-13 BMW-Museum.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|left|A four-cylinder 1.5&nbsp;L [[turbocharged|turbo]] [[BMW]] engine from the 1980s.]]

The teams started constructing engine components using advanced metal alloys such as [[titanium]] and [[beryllium]], which reduced weight and improved the efficiency and durability. FIA outlawed the use of these towards the late 1990s with only [[iron]] and [[aluminum]] permitted. The introduction of [[pneumatic valve springs]] in the same period allowed the engines to reach up to 20,000 rpm.<ref name="E2"/> For a decade, the F1 cars had run with 3.0&nbsp;L naturally aspirated V10 engines producing {{cvt|980-1000|hp|kW|disp=flip}} of power with top speeds of up to {{cvt|375|kph}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Villeneuve: A peak of 375 km/h|url=https://www.auto123.com/fr/course-automobile/bvilleneuve-une-pointe-de-375kmh-la-semaine-derniereb?artid=48003|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2022|work=Auto123|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422204333/https://www.auto123.com/fr/course-automobile/bvilleneuve-une-pointe-de-375kmh-la-semaine-derniereb?artid=48003}}</ref> Though the FIA continually enforced material and design restrictions to limit power, the V10s in the [[2005 Formula One World Championship|2005 season]] were reported to develop {{cvt|980|hp|kW|disp=flip}}, power levels not seen since the ban on turbocharged engines in 1989. Before the [[2006 Formula One season|2006 season]], FIA introduced a new engine formula, which mandated cars to be powered by 2.4 liter naturally aspirated [[V8 engine]] configuration, with no more than four valves per cylinder and banned variable intake trumpets. For the [[2009 Formula One season|2009 season]], the engines were limited to 18,000 rpm to improve engine reliability and cut costs.<ref name="E1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/8699/fia.html|title=F1 2010 Technical Regulations – Engines and KERS|work=[[FIA]]|access-date=23 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100115010921/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/8699/fia.html|archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> In 2012, the engines consumed around {{cvt|450|L|cuft}} of air per second with a race fuel consumption rate of {{cvt|75|L/100km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|title=Engine / gearbox|work=Formula1|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120412041247/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|archive-date=12 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:ATL-F1-Fuel-Bladder.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Crash resistant [[fuel bladder]]s, reinforced with [[kevlar]] are used.]]

For the [[2014 Formula One season|2014 season]], FIA introduced 1.6&nbsp;L six-cylinder turbocharged engines with a [[kinetic energy recovery system]] (KERS) to increase fuel-efficiency.<ref name="E1"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Benson|first=Andrew|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/13878359.stm|title=Formula 1 bosses confirm engines will not change until 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=29 June 2011|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903040719/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/13878359.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> For {{F1|2022}}, a modified V6 configuration was introduced with a more powerful KERS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/formula-1s-2021-regulations-whats-new-for-2021-5115288/5115288/|title=Formula 1's 2021 regulations: What's new for 2021?|date=15 Jan 2021|work=Autosport|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913104046/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/formula-1s-2021-regulations-whats-new-for-2021-5115288/5115288/|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the years, FIA has been gradually reducing the overall allocation of engines per season and with the increasing number of races, each engine is expected to last for at least {{cvt|2000|km}}. FIA had also introduced standardization of certain engine parts and cap on engine components to reduce costs with grid penalties applied for drivers who exceed the allocation.<ref name="E1"/> As per the current regulations, a maximum of five power units are allowed per season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.speedcafe.com/2017/11/01/formula-1-unveils-2021-engine-plans/|title=Formula 1 unveils 2021 engine plans|work=Speedcafe|date=1 November 2017|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107131517/https://www.speedcafe.com/2017/11/01/formula-1-unveils-2021-engine-plans/|url-status=live}}</ref> The engine is located between the driver and the rear axle and is bolted to the cockpit at the front end, and transmission and rear suspension at the back end.<ref name="E2"/>

The [[fuel]] used in F1 cars is a mixture of [[unleaded petrol]] and [[ethanol]] with a tightly controlled mixture ratio. As a part of the regulation change in 2022, the ethanol content was increased from 5.75% to 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.planetf1.com/features/major-changes-f1-2022-season/|title=All the major changes for the F1 2022 season|author=Jamie Woodhouse|work=PlanetF1|date=28 February 2022|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407161356/https://www.planetf1.com/features/major-changes-f1-2022-season/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-on-course-to-deliver-100-sustainable-fuels-for-2026.1szcnS0ehW3I0HJeelwPam|title=Formula 1 on course to deliver 100% sustainable fuels for 2026|date=26 June 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Formula 1|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522213843/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-on-course-to-deliver-100-sustainable-fuels-for-2026.1szcnS0ehW3I0HJeelwPam|url-status=live}}</ref> Cars were allowed to be refuelled during the race till 2010, after which refueling was banned. The cars are stipulated to carry a maximum fuel of 110 kg per race, with at least 1 kg to be made available to the FIA for post race inspection. Any abnormalties in the fuel or failure to provide the sample results in disqualification from the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/why-was-refuelling-banned-in-f1/10555079/|title=Why was refuelling banned in F1? History of refuelling and previous accidents|date=27 December 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Motorsport.com|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106200015/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/why-was-refuelling-banned-in-f1/10555079/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[fuel bladder]] is made of high quality rubber lined with [[kevlar]] for protection against crashes and is located in front of the engine, behind the cockpit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-fuel-systems/|title=Formula 1 fuel systems|date=7 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Racecar engineering|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415212147/https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-fuel-systems/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://f1chronicle.com/formula-1-fuel-tank-safety-formula-1-technology/|title=Formula 1 Fuel Tank Safety Explained|date=7 August 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|work=F1 Chronicle|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620164150/https://f1chronicle.com/formula-1-fuel-tank-safety-formula-1-technology/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Steering and transmission ===
[[File:Toyota steering wheel 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A typical electronic steering wheel used in a F1 car.]]

A typical steering wheel used in a F1 car is an electronic control with an array of knobs, buttons and levers. It is made of carbon fibre with titanium, [[silicon]], [[fibreglass]], and [[copper]] parts. It has two driver handles on the sides with a [[LCD display]] in the center, [[LED]] gear shift lights at the top and gear shift paddles in the back. The steering wheel is used to control various functions of the car such as gears, engine revolutions, fuel&ndash;air mix, brake balance, differential mapping, among others. The display displays various data points including engine parameters, gears, temperature and time. The steering wheel is also used to access the [[radio]] and control the drinking mechanism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/how-does-an-f1-steering-wheel-work|title=How Does an F1 Steering Wheel Work?|work=[[Mercedes F1]]|access-date=28 October 2024|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823212435/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/how-does-an-f1-steering-wheel-work|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/accelerator/40976/how-does-an-f1-steering-wheel-work|title=How Does an F1 Steering Wheel Work?|work=The Drive|date=17 June 2021 |access-date=28 October 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919232605/https://www.thedrive.com/accelerator/40976/how-does-an-f1-steering-wheel-work|url-status=live}}</ref> It weighs about {{cvt|1.3|kg}} and can cost about $50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalopnik.com/5785331/the-70000-steering-wheels-of-formula-1|title=The $50,000 steering wheels of Formula 1|work=Jalopnik|date=25 March 2011|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215103537/http://jalopnik.com/5785331/the-70000-steering-wheels-of-formula-1|url-status=live }}</ref> 

[[File:F1 Gearbox.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|The gearbox and rear suspension from a [[Lotus T127]] in [[2010 Formula One season|2010 season]].]]

While conventional [[manual gearbox]]es were used earlier,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.f1rejects.com/teams/forti/profile.html|title=Forti-Corse – full profile|work=F1rejects|access-date=29 October 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053720/http://www.f1rejects.com/teams/forti/profile.html|archive-date=10 October 2007 }}</ref> modern Formula One cars use [[semi-automatic transmission|semi-automatic]] [[sequential manual transmission|sequential]] [[gearbox]]es with a [[rear-wheel-drive]]. It has eight forward gears and a reverse gear operated with paddle-shifters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Future vision: Engineers discuss 2014 changes|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2013/8/14875.html|access-date=20 October 2014|url-status=dead|work=Formula 1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006170808/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2013/8/14875.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/reglement/technique.pdf|title=F1 2025 Technical Regulations|work=Formula 1|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> The gearbox is constructed of carbon reinforced titanium, and is bolted onto the back of the engine.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|title=Understanding the Sport – Engine/Gearbox|work=Formula 1|access-date=24 August 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043956/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> [[automatic transmission|Fully-automatic gearboxes]], and systems such as [[Launch control (automotive)|launch control]] and [[traction control]] were banned in the 2000s to keep driver skill and involvement important in controlling the car, and reduce costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com//news/traction-control-returns-but-its-not-quite-as-simple-as-that.html|title=Traction control returns; but it's not quite as simple as that|work=Grandprix.com|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027092747/https://www.grandprix.com//news/traction-control-returns-but-its-not-quite-as-simple-as-that.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1816116#:~:text=The%20last%20piece%20of%20tech,cars%20of%20the%20late%20'80s.|title = What Has F1 Ever Done for Us?|work=[[Bleacher Report]]|access-date = 5 December 2020|archive-date = 28 April 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220428185837/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1816116#:~:text=The%20last%20piece%20of%20tech,cars%20of%20the%20late%20'80s.|url-status = live}}</ref> When the driver initiates gear shifts using paddles mounted on the back of the steering wheel, a system of [[Solenoid|solenoids]], [[Hydraulics|hydraulic]] [[actuator]]s, and [[sensor]]s perform the actual shift, and [[electronic throttle control]]. [[Clutch control]] is also performed in the same manner except when launching from neutral into first gear, where the driver operates the clutch manually using a lever on the back of the steering wheel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/66|title=F1 Transmission|date=3 October 2003|work=F1technical.net|access-date=25 August 2010|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119125753/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/66|url-status=live}}</ref> The clutch is a multi-plate carbon design with a diameter of less than {{cvt|100|mm|in}}, and weight of less than {{cvt|1|kg}}, capable of handling up to {{cvt|720|hp|kW|disp=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/4|title=F1 Engines|date=18 July 2009|work=F1technical.net|access-date=25 August 2010|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109180232/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/4|url-status=live}}</ref> The cars use seamless shift [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]]s, which allow almost instantaneous changing of gears with minimum loss of drive and a [[shift time]]s of 2&ndash;3 [[millisecond|ms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1-dictionary.net/seamless_gearbox.html|title=Seamless Gearbox|work=Formula1-dictionary|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518150350/https://www.formula1-dictionary.net/seamless_gearbox.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a measure to reduce costs, gearbox ratios are fixed for a season and a team is allowed a maximum of four gearboxes per season.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/2/7380.html|title=Managing change: what's new for 2008 – Part Two|quote=Sporting Regulations, Article 28.6|work=Formula 1|date=21 February 2008|access-date=4 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090420054834/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/2/7380.html|archive-date=20 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-formula-1-engine-and-gearbox-penalties.2TSy7BFgEvdNLojGLWS3F1|title=The beginner's guide to Formula 1 engine and gearbox penalties|date=10 February 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Formula 1|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529085511/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-formula-1-engine-and-gearbox-penalties.2TSy7BFgEvdNLojGLWS3F1|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Wheels and tyres ===
{{Main|Formula One tyres}}
[[File:Michelin rain and intermediate tyres 2005 United States GP (19889979).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Grooved tyres were used between 1999 and 2008.]]

During the 1950s and 1960s, Formula One tyres were treaded rubber tyres similar to the automobile tyres but larger.<ref name="Tyre">{{cite web|url=https://automobilist.com/en-us/blogs/stories/formula-1-tyre-evolution?srsltid=AfmBOopuRUz4yYqO3zGEUAnvrY2nKjHw-qPFOx_OE4KBWY55kRxn3blI|title=Formula 1 tyre evolution|work=Automobilist|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In the late 1950s, [[cotton]] fabric was replaced with [[nylon]] fabric, which reduced weight and increased durability. In the 1960s, the tyres became wider and synthetic rubber was used along with nylon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuckey.com.au/News-and-Info/ArtMID/462/ArticleID/14/The-Evolution-of-Race-Tyres|title=The Evolution of Race Tyres|work=Stuckey Tyres|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref> [[Racing slick|Slick tyres]] were introduced for the first time during the [[1971 Formula One season|1971 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2013/08/12/montjuic-1971-when-formula-1-met-racing-slicks/|title=Montjuic, 1971: When Formula 1 met racing slicks|last=Ernst|first=Kurt|date=12 August 2013|work=Hemmings Daily|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214202612/https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2013/08/12/montjuic-1971-when-formula-1-met-racing-slicks/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[1975 Formula One season|1975 season]], the cars used 26.0"×16.2"–13" slick tyre (diameter × width) in the rear on a 13"×18" rim, and a 20.0"×9.2"–13" slick tyre in the front on a 13×10" rim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/335/ferrari-312t|title=Ferrari 312T|work=F1technical.net|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720151620/https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/335/ferrari-312t|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[1981 Formula One season|1981 season]], the maximum diameter of the rear tyre was limited to 26.0", and the diameter of the front tyres was increased, with the tyres measuring 25.0"×10.0"–13" in the front and 26.0"×15.0"–13" in the rear.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/615/ferrari-f1-87-88|title=Ferrari F1 87-88|work=F1technical.net|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193135/https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/615/ferrari-f1-87-88|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahead of the [[1993 Formula One season|1993 season]], the width of the rear was reduced from 18" to 15".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/articles/62|title=F1 rules and stats 1990–1999|work=F1technical.net|date=January 2009 |access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106042258/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/62|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, grooved tyres were introduced with three groove lines in the front tyres and four groove lines in the rear tyres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/1|title=Tyre use in Formula One|last=De Groote|first=Steven|date=3 July 2008|work=F1technical.net|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105170829/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/1|url-status=live}}</ref> Between {{F1|1999}} and {{F1|2008}}, regulations required the tyres to feature a minimum of four {{cvt|14|mm|inch}} grooves in them, with the intention of slowing the cars down as the slick tyre, with no indentations, provides the most grip in dry conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/1754DB4574B7A2C0C1257329003642F0/$FILE/2007-F1-SPORTING_REG_13-07-2007.pdf?Openelement|title=Formula One – Sporting Regulations – 2007|date=13 July 2007|work=[[FIA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129122734/https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/1754DB4574B7A2C0C1257329003642F0/$FILE/2007-F1-SPORTING_REG_13-07-2007.pdf?Openelement|archive-date=29 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/115F0A1E47E0A282C12573FB0042CB0D/$FILE/1-2008%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2022-02-2008.pdf|title=Formula One – Technical Regulations – 2008|date=12 February 2008|work=[[FIA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004252/https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/115F0A1E47E0A282C12573FB0042CB0D/$FILE/1-2008%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2022-02-2008.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The tyre sizes were limited to {{cvt|355|mm}} at the front and {{cvt|380|mm}} at the rear, and the maximum diameter was {{cvt|660|mm}} for dry and {{cvt|670|mm}} for wet tyres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/90D889BE20961303C1257483004B8AC0/$FILE/1-2009%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2011-07-2008.pdf|title=Formula One – Technical Regulations – 2009|date=11 July 2008|work=[[FIA]]|access-date=21 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910025533/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/90D889BE20961303C1257483004B8AC0/$FILE/1-2009%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2011-07-2008.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Briefly in {{F1|2005}}, tyre changes during the race were outlawed and the tyre compounds were made harder to last the full race distance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.williamsf1.com/posts/faf938a0-663c-4ccc-b76b-199433864f6b/everything-you-need-to-know-about-f1-tyres-in-2023|title=Everything you need to know about F1 tyres|work=[[Williams F1]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525083105/https://www.williamsf1.com/posts/faf938a0-663c-4ccc-b76b-199433864f6b/everything-you-need-to-know-about-f1-tyres-in-2023|url-status=live}}</ref> 

[[File:Pirelli_Formula_One_tires_2013_Britain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Various compounds of colour coded slick tyres are used during dry weather.]]

Slick tyres were reintroduced at the beginning of {{F1|2009}}, with the front tyres narrowed from {{cvt|270|mm}} to {{cvt|245|mm}}, to shift the balance towards mechanical grip in an attempt to increase overtaking.<ref name="Tyre"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zonef1.com/2010/reglements.php|title=Règlements 2010: technique et sportif|date=2010|work=ZoneF1|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419135305/http://www.zonef1.com/2010/reglements.php|archive-date=19 April 2016|url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Since the introduction of slick tyres in 2009, the tyre construct has remained almost the same with only variations to tyre sizes.<ref name="Tyre"/> The teams are given a fixed number of sets of three compounds of slick dry weather tyres, and additional sets of grooved intermediate and wet weather tyres for a race weekend. The tyre compounds are demarcated by a colour coding, with the teams mandated to use at least two dry compounds during a dry race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2010/6/10935.html|title=Pirelli tyres, adjustable rear wings among 2011 changes|date=23 June 2010|work=[[Tata Communications]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021022947/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2010/6/10935.html|archive-date=21 October 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pirellif1.co.uk/?p=460|title=Pirelli tyres to have six different colours for 2011 Formula 1 season|work=[[Pirelli]]|access-date=28 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetf1.com/driver/3213/6889405/New-markings-for-Pirelli-s-tyres|title=New markings for Pirelli's tyres|work=Planet F1|access-date=28 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425172231/http://www.planetf1.com/driver/3213/6889405/New-markings-for-Pirelli-s-tyres|archive-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> Briefly in [[2016 Formula One season|2016]], teams were given an option to choose tyre compounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/122220|title=How the 2016 Formula 1 tyre rules will work|last=Parkes|first=Ian|work=Autosport|date=11 December 2015|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605101300/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/122220|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/understanding-f1-racing/Tyres.html|title=Tyres|work=Formula 1|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629121416/https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/understanding-f1-racing/Tyres.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[2017 F1 season]], significantly wider Pirelli tyres were introduced at both the front and rear axles, while the overall diameter of the tyres was increased from {{cvt|660|to|670|mm}}. Front tyre size increased to 305/670-R13 while rear-tyre size increased to 405/670-R13.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.motorsport.com/au/f1/news/gp2-series-to-use-pirelli-s-f1-tyres-in-2011/2493664/|title=GP2 series to use Pirelli's F1 tyres in 2011|work=Motorsport.com|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193218/https://www.motorsport.com/au/f1/news/gp2-series-to-use-pirelli-s-f1-tyres-in-2011/2493664/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[2022 F1 season]], the wheel rim diameter size was increased from {{cvt|13|to|18|in|mm}}, and the diameter was increased from {{cvt|670|to|720|mm}}.<ref name="Tyre"/>

[[File:2011 Canadian GP Mercedes brakes.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A brake disc on a F1 car.]]

[[Disc brake]]s are used for braking, similar to road cars. The brakes consist of a rotor disc and a caliper, with six piston clamp pads inside each caliper. The driver applies pressure on the brake pedal, which uses hydraulic pressure to drive the clamps and the friction on the disc slows the car. The front brakes are simpler with direct pressure applied onto the breaking discs to slow down. In the rear, braking is achieved by the combination of three forces, friction on the brakes, resistance from the engine, and the energy recovery system. The driver can control the effect of these and brake distribution using the steering wheel.<ref name="Brake">{{cite web|url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/formula-one-brake-systems-explained|title=Formula One breaking explained|work=[[Mercedes F1]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209094715/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/formula-one-brake-systems-explained|url-status=live}}</ref> 
An average F1 car can decelerate from {{cvt|100 to 0|kph}} in less than {{cvt|15|m}} and hence the brakes are subjected to high temperatures of up to {{cvt|1000|C}} and severe [[g force]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/2|title=Break system|work=F1technical.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406210123/http://www.f1technical.net/articles/2|archive-date=6 April 2022|access-date=21 July 2007}}</ref> To withstand high temperatures, brakes are made of carbon composites. The brakes are cooled by air passing through numerous small holes in the brake ducts.<ref name="Brake"/>

=== Wings ===
[[File:Toyota TF110 front nose front-left 2019 Prototyp Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A typical front wing of a F1 car in the 2000s.]]

Early designs linked wings directly to the suspension, but several accidents led to rules stating that wings must be fixed rigidly to the chassis.<ref name="Evol"/> The wings are [[airfoil|aerofoil]]s on the front and rear of the car, and are made of carbon fibre composites for higher strength and reduced weight. The front wing is a forked structure with a maximum width of {{cvt|1800|mm}} and must not extend more than {{cvt|200|mm}} beyond the center line. It can have a maximum of four wing elements and should not bend more than {{cvt|5|mm}}. It is made of aluminium alloy, carbon fibre and fibre glass, and can cost up to $300,000.<ref name="Front">{{cite web|url=https://f1blast.com/how-an-f1-front-wing-works-a-comprehensive-guide/|title=How a F1 front wing works|work=F1 blast|date=20 March 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624140843/https://f1blast.com/how-an-f1-front-wing-works-a-comprehensive-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref> The rear wing consists of a main plane which spans the width of the car with smaller horizontal flaps that angle downwards. There are short upright tabs on the trailing edge of the flaps with vertical end plates at the wing tips. The DRS is a flap adjustment mechanism in the rear wings that is operated hydraulically following steering inputs from the driver.<ref name="Rear">{{cite web|url=https://f1blast.com/f1-tech-how-f1-rear-wing-works/|title=How a F1 rear wing works|work=F1 blast|date=28 March 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624121620/https://f1blast.com/f1-tech-how-f1-rear-wing-works/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Energy recovery system ===
[[File:Kinetic_Energy_Recovery_System.gif|thumb|Operation of [[Kinetic energy recovery system|KERS]] in a F1 car.]]

The [[kinetic energy recovery system]]s (KERS) recovers the kinetic energy created by the car's braking process. It stores that energy and converts it into power that can be used to boost acceleration. There are principally two types of systems: electrical and mechanical flywheel. Electrical systems use a motor-generator incorporated in the car's transmission which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Once the energy has been harnessed, it is stored in a battery and released at will. Mechanical systems capture braking energy and use it to turn a small flywheel which can spin at high speeds. When extra power is required, the flywheel is connected to the car's rear wheels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1-essentials-how-kers-works/|title=How KERS works|work=Racecar engineering|date=29 March 2009 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904032745/https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1-essentials-how-kers-works/|url-status=live}}</ref> KERS typically adds {{cvt|120|hp|kW}} additional power boost for a specific time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1151088479__2009_F1_TECHNICAL_REGULATIONS.pdf|title=2009 Technical regulations|work=[[FIA]]|date=22 December 2006|access-date=8 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625190106/http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1151088479__2009_F1_TECHNICAL_REGULATIONS.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref>

=== Other elements ===
A nose box or nose cone is a structure to which the front wing is attached. It directs the airflow towards the floor of the car, and acts as a shock absorber in case of accidents. It is made of high strength composite materials and is subjected to various load tests by the FIA to ensure its rigidity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/articles/11|title=Nose Cone design|work=F1technical.net|date=September 2013 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515001338/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/11|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Halo (safety device)|halo]] is a safety device mounted on the cockpit, and is made of series of curved metal bars intended to protect the driver's head during crashes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.f1i.com/news/290164-fia-approves-formula-1s-first-halo-supplier.html |title=The FIA approves Formula&nbsp;1's first supplier to the Halo |date=16 January 2018 |work=F1i.com |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329204733/http://en.f1i.com/news/290164-fia-approves-formula-1s-first-halo-supplier.html |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The air box is situated behind the cockpit, and serves as the receptacle of the high speed air moving over the body. It supplies the pressurized air to the engine intakes, boosting its power and absorbs the turbulence generated from the air passing over the driver's helmet. Air filters are used to filter the dirty air before being passed into the engines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-airboxes-filters/|title=Air boxes and filters|work=Racecar engineering|date=12 April 2013 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304191511/https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-airboxes-filters/|url-status=live}}</ref>