Editing Fractional quantum Hall effect (section)

== Evidence for fractionally-charged quasiparticles ==

Experiments have reported results that specifically support the understanding that there are fractionally-charged quasiparticles in an electron gas under FQHE conditions.

In 1995, the fractional charge of Laughlin quasiparticles was measured directly in a quantum antidot electrometer at [[State University of New York at Stony Brook|Stony Brook University]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=V.J.|first2=B.|year=1995|title=Resonant Tunneling in the Quantum Hall Regime: Measurement of Fractional Charge|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=267|issue=5200|pages=1010–2|bibcode=1995Sci...267.1010G|doi=10.1126/science.267.5200.1010|last1=Goldman|last2=Su|pmid=17811442|s2cid=45371551}}
*{{cite web |date=2003 |title=Direct Observation of Fractional Charge |website=Stony Brook University |url=http://quantum.physics.sunysb.edu/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031007040231/http://quantum.physics.sunysb.edu/index.html |archive-date=2003-10-07 }}</ref> In 1997, two groups of physicists at the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in [[Rehovot]], Israel, and at the [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]] laboratory near [[Paris]],<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=L. Saminadayar |author2=D. C. Glattli |author3=Y. Jin |author4=B. Etienne
 |year=1997
 |title=Observation of the e/3 fractionally charged Laughlin quasiparticle
 |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]
 |volume=79|issue=13
 |pages=2526–2529
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2526
|arxiv=cond-mat/9706307
 |bibcode=1997PhRvL..79.2526S
 |s2cid=119425609
 }}</ref> detected such quasiparticles carrying an [[electric current]], through measuring quantum [[shot noise]]<ref>
{{cite web|date=24 October 1997|title=Fractional charge carriers discovered|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/fractional-charge-carriers-discovered/ |access-date=2010-02-08|work=[[Physics World]]}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
 |author1=R. de-Picciotto |author2=M. Reznikov |author3=M. Heiblum |author4=V. Umansky |author5=G. Bunin |author6=D. Mahalu |year=1997
 |title=Direct observation of a fractional charge
 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
 |volume=389 |pages=162
 |doi=10.1038/38241
|bibcode = 1997Natur.389..162D
 |issue=6647|arxiv=cond-mat/9707289|s2cid=4310360 }}</ref>
Both of these experiments have been confirmed with certainty.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

A more recent experiment,<ref>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1126/science.1099950
|author=J. Martin
|author2=S. Ilani
|author3=B. Verdene
|author4= J. Smet
|author5=V. Umansky
|author6=D. Mahalu
|author7=D. Schuh
|author8=G. Abstreiter
|author9=A. Yacoby 
|title =Localization of Fractionally Charged Quasi Particles 
|journal= [[Science (journal)|Science]] 
|volume=305 |pages=980–3
|year=2004 
|bibcode = 2004Sci...305..980M
 |pmid=15310895
|issue=5686|s2cid=2859577
}}</ref>  measures the quasiparticle charge. In 2020, interferometry experiments conducted by two different groups, at Paris<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartolomei |first=H. |last2=Kumar |first2=M. |last3=Bisognin |first3=R. |last4=Marguerite |first4=A. |last5=Berroir |first5=J.-M. |last6=Bocquillon |first6=E. |last7=Plaçais |first7=B. |last8=Cavanna |first8=A. |last9=Dong |first9=Q. |last10=Gennser |first10=U. |last11=Jin |first11=Y. |last12=Fève |first12=G. |date=2020-04-10 |title=Fractional statistics in anyon collisions |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz5601 |journal=Science |volume=368 |issue=6487 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5601|arxiv=2006.13157 }}</ref> and Purdue,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nakamura |first=J. |last2=Liang |first2=S. |last3=Gardner |first3=G. C. |last4=Manfra |first4=M. J. |date=September 2020 |title=Direct observation of anyonic braiding statistics |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-1019-1 |journal=Nature Physics |language=en |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=931–936 |doi=10.1038/s41567-020-1019-1 |issn=1745-2481|arxiv=2006.14115 }}</ref> were both able to probe and confirm the braiding statistics of anyons.