Editing Frameshift mutation (section)

===Transcription and translation===
{{Main article|Transcription (genetics)|Translation (biology)}}
[[File:Translation-genetics.png|200px|thumb|The [[Translation (biology)|translation]] process]]
After DNA replication, the reading of a selected section of genetic information is accomplished by [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]].<ref name=MBoG_6th_2008/>
Nucleotides containing the genetic information are now on a single strand messenger template called [[mRNA]]. The mRNA is incorporated with a subunit of the [[ribosome]] and interacts with an [[rRNA]]. The genetic information carried in the codons of the mRNA are now read (decoded) by anticodons of the tRNA. As each codon (triplet) is read, [[amino acids]] are being joined until a [[stop codon]] (UAG, UGA or UAA) is reached. At this point the [[polypeptide]] (protein) has been synthesised and is released.<ref name=MBoG_6th_2008/> For every 1000 amino acid incorporated into the protein, no more than one is incorrect. This fidelity of codon recognition, maintaining the importance of the proper reading frame, is accomplished by proper base pairing at the ribosome A site, [[Guanosine triphosphate|GTP]] hydrolysis activity of [[EF-Tu]] a form of kinetic stability, and a proofreading mechanism as EF-Tu is released.<ref name=MBoG_6th_2008/>

Frameshifting may also occur during [[prophase]] translation, producing different proteins from overlapping open reading frames, such as the gag-pol-env [[retroviral]] proteins. This is fairly common in [[viruses]] and also occurs in [[bacteria]] and [[yeast]] (Farabaugh, 1996). [[Reverse transcriptase]], as opposed to [[RNA Polymerase II]], is thought to be a stronger cause of the occurrence of frameshift mutations. In experiments only 3–13% of all frameshift mutations occurred because of RNA Polymerase II. In [[prokaryotes]] the error rate inducing frameshift mutations is only somewhere in the range of .0001 and .00001.<ref name="rna polymerase II">{{cite journal|last=Zhang|first=J|title=Host RNA polymerase II makes minimal contributions to retroviral frame-shift mutations.|journal=The Journal of General Virology|date=August 2004|volume=85|issue=Pt 8|pages=2389–95|pmid=15269381 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.80081-0|doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are several biological processes that help to prevent frameshift mutations. Reverse mutations occur which change the mutated sequence back to the original [[wild type]] sequence. Another possibility for mutation correction is the use of a [[suppressor mutation]]. This offsets the effect of the original mutation by creating a secondary mutation, shifting the sequence to allow for the correct amino acids to be read. [[Guide RNA]] can also be used to insert or delete Uridine into the mRNA after transcription, this allows for the correct reading frame.<ref name=MBoG_6th_2008/>