Editing Free improvisation (section)

=== Classical precedents ===
By the middle decades of the 20th century, composers such as [[Henry Cowell]], [[Earle Brown]], [[David Tudor]], [[La Monte Young]], [[Jackson Mac Low]], [[Morton Feldman]], [[Sylvano Bussotti]], [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]], and [[George Crumb]], re-introduced improvisation to European art music, with compositions that allowed or even required musicians to improvise. One notable example of this is [[Cornelius Cardew]]'s ''[[Treatise (music)|Treatise]]'': a [[Graphic notation (music)|graphic score]] with no conventional notation whatsoever, which musicians were invited to interpret.

Improvisation is still commonly practised by some organists at concerts or church services, and courses in improvisation (including free improvisation) are part of many higher education programmes for church musicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmtm-hannover.de/en/application/programmes-of-study/church-music-bmus/ |title=HMTM Hannover: Church Music (B.Mus.) |publisher=Hmtm-hannover.de |date=2011-12-30 |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref>