Editing Georgetown University (section)

===19th century===
During its early years, Georgetown College suffered from considerable financial strain.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|Williams|2003|p=12}}</ref> The Maryland Society of Jesus began its restoration in 1805, and Jesuit affiliation, in the form of teachers and administrators, bolstered confidence in the college.<ref name=bulletin>{{cite web |url=http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/bulletin/guhistory.html |title=Georgetown: A Brief History |first=Robert Emmett |last=Curran |website=Georgetown University – Undergraduate Bulletin |date=July 7, 2007 |access-date=August 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524191008/http://www12.georgetown.edu/undergrad/bulletin/guhistory.html |archive-date=May 24, 2007}}</ref> The school relied on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local lands which had been donated to the Jesuits. To raise money for Georgetown and other schools in 1838, Maryland Jesuits conducted a [[1838 Jesuit slave sale|mass sale]] of some 272 slaves to two [[Deep South]] plantations in [[Maringouin, Louisiana]], from their six in Maryland, ending their slaveholding.<ref>[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/schloesser/jesuitmoderns/w01/resources/MURPHY_Jesuit-slave.pdf Thomas Murphy, SJ. ''Jesuit Slaveholding in Maryland, 1717–1838,''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527181734/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/schloesser/jesuitmoderns/w01/resources/MURPHY_Jesuit-slave.pdf |date=May 27, 2016}} New York: Routledge, 2001, p. 4</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Swarns |first1=Rachel|title=272 Slaves Were Sold to Save Georgetown. What Does It Owe Their Descendants? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/us/georgetown-university-search-for-slave-descendants.html |access-date=April 17, 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306141027/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/us/georgetown-university-search-for-slave-descendants.html |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Georgetown University c. 1850.jpg|thumb|Georgetown University, {{Circa|1850}}]]

President [[James Madison]] signed into law Georgetown's [[congressional charter]] on March 1, 1815, creating the first federal [[university charter]], which allowed it to confer degrees, with the first bachelor's degrees being awarded two years later.<ref name=charter>{{cite web|url=http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide5.html|title=The Federal Charter|website=Georgetown University – About Georgetown|access-date=March 6, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103020623/http://guide.georgetown.edu/slideshows/slides/show11_slide5.html|archive-date=January 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://governance.georgetown.edu/charter|title=Charter of the University|website=Georgetown University|access-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817063129/https://governance.georgetown.edu/charter|archive-date=August 17, 2016}}</ref>

In 1844, the school received a [[corporation|corporate]] charter under the name "[[President and Directors of Georgetown College|The President and Directors of Georgetown College]]", affording the growing school additional legal rights. In response to the demand for a local option for Catholic students, the Medical School was founded in 1851.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://som.georgetown.edu/docs/History.pdf |work=[[Georgetown University School of Medicine]] |title=History |date=March 23, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104031715/http://som.georgetown.edu/docs/History.pdf |archive-date=November 4, 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:Georgetown 1861.jpg|thumb|[[Union Army]] soldiers on [[Theodore Roosevelt Island]] with the [[Potomac River]] and the university visible in the background in 1861 at the beginning of the [[American Civil War]]|alt=Black-and-white photo of several military men idling on a riverbank. Across the river are several large buildings]]
[[File:Patrick Francis Healy.jpg|thumb|[[Patrick Francis Healy]], the first African-American to become a [[Jesuit]], helped transform the school into a modern university after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Connor |first1=John J. |last2=Gasperetti |first2=Elio |title=A Negro President at Georgetown University Some Eighty Years Ago |date=1955 |journal=Negro History Bulletin |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=175–176 |jstor=44176904 |issn=0028-2529}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Greene |first2=Bryan |title=Born Enslaved, Patrick Francis Healy 'Passed' His Way to Lead Georgetown University |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/born-enslaved-patrick-francis-healy-passed-his-way-lead-georgetown-university-180975738/ |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> |alt=Black and white photo of an older man wearing black with a priest's colar and facing right.]]

The [[American Civil War]] greatly impacted Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted in one army or the other, and the [[Union Army]] commandeered university buildings in order to defend the national capital from a feared a [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] attack.<ref name=ce/> By the time President [[Abraham Lincoln]] visited the Georgetown campus in May 1861, 1,400 troops were living in temporary quarters there. The number of lives lost in the Civil war caused enrollment levels to remain low until well after the war. Only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the previous decade.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|Williams|2003|pp=36–39}}</ref> When the Georgetown College Boat Club, the school's [[rowing (sport)|rowing]] team, was founded in 1876 it adopted two colors: blue, used for [[Uniform of the Union Army|Union uniforms]], and gray, used for [[Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces|Confederate uniforms]]. These colors signified the peaceful existence of students who held various loyalties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoyasaxa.com/sports/colors.htm|title=Georgetown Traditions: The Blue & Gray|website=HoyaSaxa.com|access-date=April 26, 2007|date=August 17, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427094307/http://www.hoyasaxa.com/sports/colors.htm|archive-date=April 27, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

Enrollment did not recover until the late 19th century, during the presidency of [[Patrick Francis Healy]] from 1873 to 1881. Born in [[Athens, Georgia]] as a slave by law and [[mixed-race]] by ancestry, Healy was the first person of [[African American|African]] descent to head a predominantly white American university.{{efn|name=healy}} He identified as Irish Catholic, like his father, and was educated in Catholic schools in the United States and France. He is credited with reforming the undergraduate [[curriculum]], lengthening the medical and law programs, and creating the [[Alumni association|Alumni Association]]. One of his largest undertakings was the construction of a major new building, subsequently named [[Healy Hall]] in his honor. For his work, Healy is known as the school's "second founder".<ref name=pfh>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul31.html|title=Patrick Francis Healy Inaugurated|work=American Memory|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|date=July 31, 2006|access-date=July 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709184747/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul31.html|archive-date=July 9, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1870, after the founding of the [[Georgetown University Law Center|Law Department]], Healy and his successors hoped to bind the professional schools into a university, and focus on [[higher education]].<ref name="bulletin" />