Editing Ghawar Field (section)

== Extraction of crude oil ==
Approximately 60–65% of all Saudi [[Petroleum|oil]] produced between 1948 and 2000, came from Ghawar. Cumulative [[extraction of petroleum]] through early 2010, has exceeded {{convert|65|Goilbbl|m3|lk=in}}.<ref name=Croft>{{cite web |url=http://www.gregcroft.com/ghawar.ivnu |title=The Ghawar Oil Field, Saudi Arabia |publisher=Gregcroft.com |access-date=2013-04-15 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202330/http://www.gregcroft.com/ghawar.ivnu |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, it was estimated that Ghawar produced about {{convert|5|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil a day (6.25% of global production),<ref name=King>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.geoexpro.com/article/The_King_of_Giant_Fields/d311f583.aspx |title=The King of Giant Fields |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816221552/https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/04/the-king-of-giant-fields |archive-date=2020-08-16 |author=Rasoul Sorkhab |magazine=GeoExPro |issue=4 |volume=7 |date=2010}}</ref> a figure which was later shown to be substantially overestimated.<ref name=":1" />

As of 31 December 2018, total reserves of {{convert|58.32|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil equivalent including {{convert|48.25|Goilbbl|m3}} barrels of liquid reserves have been confirmed by [[Saudi Aramco]]. Average daily extraction was {{convert|3.8|Moilbbl|m3}} per day.<ref name=":0" />

Ghawar also produces approximately {{convert|2|Gcuft|m3}} of [[natural gas]] per day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Ten Highest Producing Oil Fields |url=http://oilpatchasia.com/2013/10/top-ten-highest-producing-oil-fields/|publisher=Oil Patch Asia |date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102203244/http://oilpatchasia.com/2013/10/top-ten-highest-producing-oil-fields/ |archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

The operators stimulate production by [[Water injection (oil production)|waterflood]]ing, using seawater at a rate said to be around {{convert|7|Moilbbl|m3}} per day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalresourcesnews.com/channel-Ghawar |title=Saudi Arabia's Giant Ghawar Oil Field |website=Global Resources News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211060419/http://globalresourcesnews.com/channel-Ghawar |archive-date=11 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghawar Oil Field - Hydrocarbons Technology |url=https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/ghawar-oil-field/#:~:text=Technologies%20employed%20at%20the%20Ghawar%20field&text=The%20field%27s%20current%20extensive%20injection,Persian%20Gulf%20seawater%20per%20day. |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.hydrocarbons-technology.com}}</ref> Water flooding is said to have begun in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/ghawar-oil-field/3101 |title=Ghawar Oil Field: Saudi Arabia's Oil Future |website=Energy and Capital |author=Justin Williams |date=19 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331234435/http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/ghawar-oil-field/3101 |archive-date=31 March 2016}}</ref> The [[water cut]] was about 32% in 2003, and ranged from about 27% to 38% from 1993 to 2003.<ref>A.M. Afifi, 2004 AAPG Distinguished Lecture, chart reproduced in {{harvp|Rasoul Sorkhab|2010}}.</ref> By 2006, North Uthmaniyah's water cut was about 46%.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/04/13/peak-oil-isnt-dead-an-interview-with-chris-nelder/ |title=Peak oil isn't dead: An interview with Chris Nelder |author=Brad Plumer |newspaper=Washington Post |date=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9263 |title=Tech Talk - Current Oil Production and the Future of Ghawar |website=The Oil Drum |date=18 June 2012}}</ref>