Editing Ghostwriter (section)

==Types==

===Nonfiction===
Ghostwriters are widely used by celebrities and public figures who wish to publish their autobiographies or memoirs. The degree of involvement of the ghostwriter in nonfiction writing projects ranges from minor to substantial. In some cases, a ghostwriter may be called in just to clean up, edit, and polish a rough draft of an autobiography or a "how-to" book. In other cases, the ghostwriter will write an entire book or article based on information, stories, notes, an [[Outline (list)|outline]], or interview sessions with the celebrity or public figure. The credited author also indicates to the ghostwriter what type of style, tone, or "voice" they want in the book.

In some cases, such as with some "how-to" books, diet guides, or cookbooks, a book will be entirely written by a ghostwriter, and the celebrity (e.g., a well-known musician or sports star) will be credited as author. Publishing companies use this strategy to increase the marketability of a book by associating it with a celebrity or well-known figure. In several countries before elections, candidates commission ghostwriters to produce autobiographies for them so as to gain visibility and exposure. One of [[John F. Kennedy]]'s books (''[[Profiles in Courage]]'') is almost entirely credited to ghostwriters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2478/did-john-f-kennedy-really-write-profiles-in-courage|title=The Straight Dope: Did John F. Kennedy really write "Profiles in Courage?"|work=straightdope.com|date=November 7, 2003 }}</ref> [[Donald Trump]]'s autobiography ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal]]'' was produced by a ghostwriter.<ref name="trump">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all|title=Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All|last=Mayer|first=Jane|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=July 25, 2016|access-date=July 18, 2016}}</ref> Several of Hillary Clinton's books were  produced by ghostwriters.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> [[Nelson Mandela]]'s autobiography (''[[Long Walk to Freedom]]'') was also produced by a ghostwriter.<ref name="Mandela">{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2014 |title=Q&A: Richard Stengel '77 on Nelson Mandela |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/qa-richard-stengel-'77-nelson-mandela |access-date=November 8, 2021}}{{dead link|date=April 2024}}</ref>
 
A consultant or career-switcher may pay to have a book ghostwritten on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance their credibility as an "expert" in their field. For example, a successful salesperson hoping to become a motivational speaker on selling may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on sales techniques. Often this type of book is published by a [[self-publishing press]] (or "[[vanity press]]"), which means that the author is paying to have the book published. This type of book is typically given away to prospective clients as a promotional tool, rather than being sold in bookstores.

===Fiction===
Ghostwriters are employed by fiction publishers for several reasons. In some cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase the number of books that can be published each year by a well-known, highly marketable author. Ghostwriters mostly pen fictional works for well-known "name" authors in genres such as detective fiction, mysteries, and teen fiction.

Additionally, publishers use ghostwriters to write new books for established series where the "author" is a pseudonym. For example, the purported authors of the [[Nancy Drew]] and [[Hardy Boys]] mysteries, "[[Carolyn Keene]]" and "[[Franklin W. Dixon]]", respectively, are actually pseudonyms for a series of ghostwriters who write books in the same style using a template of basic information about the book's characters and their fictional universe (names, dates, speech patterns), and about the tone and style that are expected in the book (for more information, see [[pseudonym]]s and [[pen name]]s). In addition, ghostwriters are often given copies of several of the previous books in the series to help them match the style.

The estate of gothic novelist [[V. C. Andrews]] hired ghostwriter [[Andrew Neiderman]] to continue writing novels after her death, under her name and in a similar style to her original works. Many of action writer [[Tom Clancy]]'s books from the 2000s bear the names of two people on their covers, with Clancy's name in larger print and the other author's name in smaller print. Various books bearing Clancy's name were written by different authors under the same pseudonym. The first two books in the ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]]'' franchise were written by [[Raymond Benson]] under the pseudonym [[David Michaels (author)|David Michaels]].

Sometimes famous authors will ghostwrite for other celebrities, such as when [[H. P. Lovecraft]] ghostwrote "Imprisoned with the Pharaohs" (also known as "Under the Pyramids") for [[Harry Houdini]] in ''[[Weird Tales]]'' in the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imprisoned with the Pharaohs|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17040283-imprisoned-with-the-pharaohs|access-date=2020-08-06|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-24|title=Mystery Attracts Mystery: The Forgotten Partnership of H. P. Lovecraft and Harry Houdini -|url=https://jhiblog.org/2017/07/24/mystery-attracts-mystery-the-forgotten-partnership-of-h-p-lovecraft-and-harry-houdini/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=jhiblog.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Religious===
A number of papal [[encyclical]]s have been written by ghostwriters. ''[[Pascendi]]'', for instance, was written by Joseph Lemius (1860–1923), the procurator in Rome of the [[Oblates of Mary Immaculate]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=015XHt7sAm0C&pg=PA27 |title=Catholicism Contending with Modernity|isbn=9780521770712|last1=Jodock|first1=Darrell|date=June 22, 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> In June 1938, [[Pius XI]] summoned American [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[John LaFarge Jr.|John La Farge]], who began to prepare a draft of ''[[Humani generis unitas]]'', which LaFarge and two other Jesuits—Gustav Gundlach and Gustave Desbuquois<ref name="bailey">Richard G. Bailey (August 2001). "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8969487 The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI]." ''Canadian Journal of History''.</ref>—on in Paris; the draft was approximately 100 pages long.<ref name="chronicle">[http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/112.html "1937: Quiet before the Storm"], ''The Holocaust Chronicle'', 2002, p. 112.</ref> Another Jesuit translated the draft encyclical into Latin, presenting it to [[Wlodimir Ledóchowski]], then the General of the Society of Jesus who had chosen Gundlach and Desbuquois for the project.<ref name="bailey"/> The draft encyclical was delivered to the Vatican in September 1938.<ref name="bailey"/> [[Sebastian Tromp]], a Dutch Jesuit, a [[Thomism|Thomist]] theologian and close to [[Pius XII]], is considered to be the main ghostwriter of ''[[Mystici corporis]]''.<ref>Alexandra von Teuffenbach ''Konzilstagebuch Sebastian Tromp SJ mit Erläuterungen and Akten aus der Arbeit der Theologischen Kommission'', 2006, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana {{ISBN|978-88-7839-057-7}}</ref>

[[Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers]], one of the Vatican's leading theologians of that time, was responsible for the critical study of the [[Mass of Paul VI|New Mass of Pope Paul VI]], commonly known as the [[Ottaviani Intervention]], after the supposed attribution to Cardinals [[Alfredo Ottaviani]] and [[Antonio Bacci]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Likoudis |first=James |title=The Pope, the Council, and the Mass: Answers to Questions the "Traditionalists" Have Asked |year=2006 |publisher=Emmaus Road Publishing |isbn=9781931018340 |pages=148}}</ref> The Vatican later answered these accusations and Cardinal Ottaviani later regretted that his name was misused to berate the pope.<ref>"Je regrette seulement que l'on ait abusé de mon nom dans un sens que je ne désirais pas, par la publication d'une lettre que j'avais adressée au Saint-Père sans autoriser personne à la publier" ([http://www.clerus.org/clerus/dati/2000-12/07-999999/Ch1.pdf Christophe Geffroy and Philippe Maxence, Enquête sur la messe traditionnelle (with preface by Cardinal Alfons Maria Stickler])  p. 22)</ref>

Plagiarism researcher Michael V. Dougherty has shown how convoluted the sources of ecclesiastical ghostwriting can be, noting that they are often plagiarized as well as being ghostwritten. The priest [[Thomas Rosica]] – himself a proven plagiarist<ref>{{Cite web |last=CNA |title=Rosica resigns from Salt and Light after plagiarism scandal |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/41576/rosica-resigns-from-salt-and-light-after-plagiarism-scandal |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref> – was the ghostwriter for several speeches by [[Marc Ouellet|Cardinal Ouellet]]. "In an unusual twist," wrote Dougherty, "one of the same source texts extensively copied by Rosica for Cardinal Ouellet reappeared in an unoriginal homily by [[William Levada|Cardinal William Levada]]."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dougherty |first=M. V. |date=2024 |title=The Scope and Limits of Ecclesiastical Ghostwriting |journal=Communio |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=760}}</ref> Levada was at the time the Prefect of the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith|Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]].

===Academic===
{{Further|Research paper mill|Academic authorship#Ghost}}

Ghostwriting is considered to be academic dishonesty and can lead to repercussions if detected by universities,<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/11532848/1700-for-a-dissertation-but-whats-the-real-cost-of-plagiarism.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/11532848/1700-for-a-dissertation-but-whats-the-real-cost-of-plagiarism.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Josie | last=Gurney-Read | title=£1,700 For A Dissertation, But What's The Real Cost Of Plagiarism? | date=April 13, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> although it is not illegal in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/09/unemployed-professor-texas-tech_n_1412585.html | work=The Huffington Post | title=Unemployed For Years, Professor Turns To Ghostwriting For Students | date=April 9, 2012}}</ref>

There are ghostwriting companies<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/blog/2014/apr/03/academic-proofreading-write-essays-universities-students-ethics|title=Academic ghostwriting: to what extent is it haunting higher education?|work=the Guardian|date=April 3, 2014 }}</ref> and [[freelancer]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/article/article-content/125329/|title=The Shadow Scholar|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=November 12, 2010 }}</ref> that sell entrance essays, term papers, theses and dissertations to students. Such services are commonly known as "[[essay mill]]s".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Cheating-Goes-Global-as-Essay/32817/|title=Cheating Goes Global as Essay Mills Multiply|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=March 20, 2009 }}</ref>

Although academic ghostwriting involves the sale of academic texts that are written on demand, it differs from [[plagiarism]] in that it does not involve an undisclosed appropriation of existing texts. As opposed to cases of plagiarism that stem from a [[copy-and-paste]] reuse of previous work, essays and assignments that are obtained through ghostwriting services as a rule have the originality of their text confirmed by [[plagiarism detection]] software packages or online services that are widely used by universities.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

Universities have developed strategies to combat such academic services, which can be associated with [[academic fraud]], that are offered to students and researchers. Some universities allow professors to give students [[oral examination]]s on papers which a professor believes to be ghostwritten. If the student is unfamiliar with the content of an essay that he or she has submitted, then the student can be charged with academic fraud.

===Medical===
{{Main|Medical ghostwriter}}
With medical ghostwriting, [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then pay other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these papers before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Medical ghostwriting has been criticized by a variety of professional organizations<ref name="wame">{{cite journal |year=2005 |title=Ghost writing initiated by commercial companies |journal=[[Journal of General Internal Medicine|J Gen Intern Med]] |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=549 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.41015.x |pmc=1490135 |pmid=15987333 |last1=Fletcher |first1=Robert }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rennie |first1=D. |last2=Flanagin |first2=A. |year=1994 |title=Authorship! Authorship! Guests, Ghosts, Grafters, and the Two-Sided Coin |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |volume=271 |issue=6 |pages=469–471 |doi=10.1001/jama.1994.03510300075043 |pmid=8295324 }}</ref> representing the drug industry, publishers, and medical societies, and it may violate American laws prohibiting off-label promotion by drug manufacturers as well as anti-kickback provisions within the statutes governing Medicare.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Studdert |year=2004 |title=Financial Conflicts of Interest in Physicians' Relationships with the Pharmaceutical Industry – Self-Regulation in the Shadow of Federal Prosecution |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine|N Engl J Med]] |volume=351 |issue= 18|pages=1891–2000 |doi=10.1056/NEJMlim042229 |pmid=15509824|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Recently, it has attracted scrutiny from the lay press<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathews |title=At medical journals, paid writers play big role |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=December 13, 2005 }}</ref> and from lawmakers,<ref>{{cite book |author=House of Commons Health Committee |year=2005 |title=The influence of the pharmaceutical industry |location=London |publisher=The Stationery Office Limited }}</ref> as well. {{clarify span|text=It is permitted at some institutions,|reason=What does "permitted" mean? Are they looking the other way, explicitly allowing it. Which institutions? Are they still "permitting" this?|date=July 2020}} including the [[University of Washington School of Medicine]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Sarah |last=Boseley |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=February 7, 2002 |page=4 |title=Scandal of scientists who take money for papers ghostwritten by drug companies}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2020|No statement saying it is "permitted", just a statement that one UW professor once did so."}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Giombetti |year=1992 |title=UW's Friendly Corporate Ghostwriter |journal=Eat the State |volume=6 |issue=19 }}{{page needed|date=July 2020}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=July 2020}} while it is prohibited and considered a particularly pernicious form of plagiarism at others, such as [[Tufts University School of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Krimsky |first=Sheldon |title=Science in the Private Interest |publisher=Rowman-Littlefield |year=2003 |location=Lanham |isbn=0-7425-1479-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceinprivate0000krim }}</ref>

[[medical writing|Professional medical writers]] can write papers without being listed as authors of the paper and without being considered ghostwriters, provided their role is acknowledged. The [[European Medical Writers Association]] have published guidelines which aim to ensure professional medical writers carry out this role in an ethical and responsible manner.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=A. |last2=Wager |first2=E. |title=European Medical Writers Association (EMWA) guidelines on the role of medical writers in developing peer-reviewed publications |journal=[[Current Medical Research and Opinion|Curr Med Res Opin]] |year=2005 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=317–321 |doi=10.1185/030079905x25578 |pmid=15802003 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The use of properly acknowledged medical writers is accepted as legitimate by organisations such as the World Association of Medical Editors<ref name="wame"/> and the ''[[British Medical Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/authors/article-submission/article-requirements|title=Resources for authors|work=bmj.com|access-date=January 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222214144/http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/authors/article-submission/article-requirements|archive-date=February 22, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moreover, professional medical writers' expertise in presenting scientific data may be of benefit in producing better quality papers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=H. Y. |last2=Blalock |first2=E. |title=Transparency Is the Key to the Relationship between Biomedical Journals and Medical Writers |journal=[[Journal of Investigative Dermatology]] |year=2007 |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=735–737 |doi=10.1038/sj.jid.5700794 |pmid=17363950 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Website===
Some websites, including [[blogs]], are ghostwritten, because not all authors have the information technology skills or the time to dedicate to running a website. Nonetheless, the style, tone and content is modeled on that of the credited author. Many website ghostwriters are freelance but some are freelancers who work under contract, as with radio presenters and television presenters. Occasionally [[Pseudonym#Literary pen names|a "house pseudonym", or collective name]] is used by the author of the website.

Some celebrities, executives, or public figures set up blog websites—sometimes as a marketing, public relations, or lobbying tool. However, since these individuals are typically too busy to write their blog posts, they hire discreet ghostwriters to post to the blog under the celebrity or executive's name. As with nonfiction ghostwriting, the blog ghostwriter models their writing style, content and tone on that of the credited author. This goes for social media as well. Many public figures have ghostwriters at least partially handle their Facebook and Twitter accounts, among others.<ref name="PC World">{{cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2048479/whos-actually-writing-your-favorite-celebritys-tweets-.html|title=Who's actually writing your favorite celebrity's tweets?|author=Evan Dashevsky|date=December 16, 2013|work=PC World|access-date=April 17, 2018|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020726/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2048479/whos-actually-writing-your-favorite-celebritys-tweets-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Music===

====Classical music and film scores====
[[File:Martini bologna mozart 1777.jpg|thumb|upright|The Classical era composer [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons who wished to give the impression that they were gifted composers.]]
[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. In the film industry, a music ghostwriter is a "person who composes music for another composer but is not credited on the cue sheet or in the final product in any way." The practice is considered one of the "dirty little secrets of the film and television music business" that is considered unethical,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmmusicmag.com/kb/glossary.php|title=Film & TV Music Knowledgebase :: Glossary of Film and TV Music Terms|work=filmmusicmag.com}}</ref> but has been common since the early stages of the film industry. In the early years of film, [[David Raksin]] worked as music ghostwriter and [[Orchestration|orchestrator]] for [[Charlie Chaplin]]; even though Chaplin was credited as the score writer, he was considered to be a "hummer" (pejorative film industry slang for a person who purports to be a film score composer but who in fact only gives a general idea of the melodies to a ghostwriter).

The practice is also common in television, as composers listed on cue sheets are entitled to music royalties every time an episode or theme score appears on television. A 1998 investigation by ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' revealed that it was especially prevalent among animation companies such as [[Saban Entertainment]], [[DiC Entertainment|DiC]], [[Ruby-Spears Productions]] and [[Hanna-Barbera]], which often listed company executives as musicians for the purpose of royalties.<ref>"Composers say they're paupers in royalty game" – ''The Hollywood Reporter'' (1998)</ref> In the late 1990s, several composers threatened a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Saban Entertainment president [[Haim Saban]], for allegedly taking ownership and credit for their musical compositions.

====Popular music====
Musical ghostwriting also occurs in [[popular music]]. When a record company wants to market an inexperienced young singer as a singer-songwriter, or help a veteran bandleader coping with [[writer's block]] (or a lack of motivation to finish the next album), an experienced songwriter may be discreetly brought in to help.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robehmed |first=Natalie |title=Phantom Rappers: Inside The Business Of Ghostwriting |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/09/22/phantom-rappers-inside-the-business-of-ghostwriting/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In other cases, a ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician, with little or no input from the credited musician. A ghostwriter providing this type of service may be thanked, without reference to the service provided, in the album credits, or they may be a true 'ghost', with no acknowledgement in the album.

Legal disputes have arisen when musical ghostwriters have tried to claim royalties when an allegedly ghostwritten song becomes a money-making hit. In 1987, Darryl Neudorf was asked to work on a project for [[Nettwerk Productions]] involving newly signed artist [[Sarah McLachlan]]. This recording, the album ''[[Touch (Sarah McLachlan album)|Touch]]'', resulted in garnering the interest of [[Arista Records]]. She signed a multi-album contract with them and two of the songs that Neudorf worked on with her became commercial hits in Canada. In 1991, Neudorf was invited to work with McLachlan again on her second album, ''[[Solace (Sarah McLachlan album)|Solace]]''. In 1993, he filed a lawsuit against McLachlan and her label, alleging that he had made a significant and uncredited contribution to the songwriting on ''Touch'', and alleging that he was not paid properly for work done on ''Solace''. The judge in the suit eventually ruled in McLachlan's favour on the songs; stating that although Neudorf may have contributed to the songwriting, neither regarded each other as joint authors. The judge ruled in Neudorf's favour on the payment issue.

[[File: Chuck D. Slakthuset i Malmö 1991.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Chuck D]] of [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] has offered a more positive view of ghostwriting in hip hop.]]
In [[hip hop music]], the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip hop stars has led to controversy. Critics view the increasing use of hip hop ghostwriters as the "perversion of hip-hop by commerce." This is because of the limiting definition of "rapping" as "expressing yourself through your own words, not someone else's."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gelfmagazine.com/archives/hiphops_ghostwriters.php|title=Gelf Magazine Hip-Hop's Ghostwriters|work=gelfmagazine.com}}</ref> [[Chuck D]] of [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] thinks this point of view is mistaken because "not everyone is equipped to be a lyricist and not everyone is equipped to be a vocalist."<ref>{{cite book|title=Books of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop|first=Adam|last=Bradley|date=February 24, 2009|page=153|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=9780465003471|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkGXXDZsFHcC&q=book+of+rhymes+the+poetics+of+hip+hop+ghostwriter&pg=PA151}}</ref> He points out that creating a rap song may require multiple talents. [[Frank Ocean]] started his career as a ghostwriter for artists such as [[Justin Bieber]], [[John Legend]] and [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]].

Currently in hip-hop, the credit given to ghostwriters varies: "silent pens might sign confidentiality clauses, appear obliquely in the liner notes, or discuss their participation freely." In some cases, liner notes credit individuals for "vocal arrangement", which may be a euphemism for ghostwriting. In the early 2010s, hip-hop ghostwriting services like [[Rap Rebirth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/07/03/137559845/no-flow-rap-rebirth-can-help|title=Stamberg Raps! And Other Tales From A Hip-Hop Ghostwriter|date=July 2, 2011|work=NPR.org}}</ref> appeared online, which provide recording artists who wish to purchase ghostwritten rhymes a greater degree of anonymity.

===Visual art===
Ghost authorship also applies to the visual arts, most commonly paintings. The extent of the master artist's contribution varies widely, as little as composition adjustments and corrective brush strokes, or as much as entire works. A common practice is the use of art instruction class milieu in which the master artist makes significant contributions to the work of the student who then signs that work as his or her own. Services addressing complete works have historically been highly confidential. Less prevalent are advertised commercial services which may use the term "vanity artwork" as suggestive of "vanity publishing".

===As blacklisting countermeasure===
In countries where freedom of speech is not upheld and authors that have somehow displeased the ruling regime are "blacklisted" (i.e. forbidden from having their works published), the blacklisted authors or composers may ghostwrite material for other authors or composers who are in the good graces of the regime. Examples include:
* [[Carl Foreman]] and [[Michael Wilson (writer)|Michael Wilson]] for ''[[Bridge on the River Kwai]]'' (credited to [[Pierre Boulle]], who wrote [[The Bridge over the River Kwai|the novel]]).<ref>Discussed in Vladimir Hedrih, ''Adapting Psychological Tests and Measurement Instruments for Cross-Cultural Research: An Introduction'' (London: Routledge, 2019), 36–37. {{ISBN|9780429559808}}</ref>
* [[Dalton Trumbo]] for ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' (credited to [[Ian McLellan Hunter]]).<ref>Also discussed is Trumbo's screenplay for ''Spartacus'', in Larry Ceplair and Christopher Trumbo, ''Dalton Trumbo: Blacklisted Hollywood Radical''  (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014), 39 and 367ff. {{ISBN|9780813146829}}</ref>