Editing Globalization (section)

===Archaic===
{{Main|Archaic globalization}}
[[File:Archaic globalization.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|The 13th century world-system, as described by [[Janet Abu-Lughod]]]]

Archaic globalization conventionally refers to a phase in the history of globalization including globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest [[civilization]]s until roughly the 1600s. This term is used to describe the relationships between communities and [[State (polity)|states]] and how they were created by the geographical spread of ideas and social norms at both local and regional levels.<ref name="M 45">{{cite book|last=Martell|first=Luke|title=The Sociology of Globalization|year=2010|publisher=Policy Press.}}</ref>

In this schema, three main prerequisites are posited for globalization to occur. The first is the idea of Eastern Origins, which shows how [[Western states]] have adapted and implemented learned principles from the [[Eastern world|East]].<ref name=" M 45"/> Without the spread of traditional ideas from the East, Western globalization would not have emerged the way it did. The interactions of states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to Asia, [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and certain parts of Europe.<ref name=" M 45"/> With early globalization, it was difficult for states to interact with others that were not close. Eventually, technological advances allowed states to learn of others' existence and thus another phase of globalization can occur. The third has to do with inter-dependency, stability, and regularity. If a state is not dependent on another, then there is no way for either state to be mutually affected by the other. This is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade; without either, globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on their own [[Production (economics)|production]] and resources to work. This is one of the arguments surrounding the idea of early globalization. It is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on others as they are today.<ref name="M 45"/>

Also posited is a "multi-polar" nature to archaic globalization, which involved the active participation of non-Europeans. Because it predated the [[Great Divergence]] in the nineteenth century, where [[Western Europe]] pulled ahead of the rest of the world in terms of [[industrial production]] and [[economic output]], archaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by Europe but also by other economically developed [[Old World]] centers such as [[Gujarat]], [[Bengal]], coastal [[China]], and [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=[[Hans Köchler|Kochler]]|first=Hans|title=Globality versus Democracy: The Changing Nature of International Relations in the Era of Globalization|year=2000|publisher=International Progress Organization|location=Vienna|page=35}}</ref>
[[File:NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg|thumb|right|Portuguese [[carrack]] in [[Nagasaki]], 17th-century Japanese [[Nanban trade|Nanban art]]]]

The German [[Economic history|historical economist]] and sociologist [[Andre Gunder Frank]] argues that a form of globalization began with the rise of trade links between [[Sumer]] and the [[Indus Valley civilization]] in the third millennium [[BCE]]. This archaic globalization existed during the [[Hellenistic Age]], when commercialized urban centers enveloped the axis of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] culture that reached from India to Spain, including [[Alexandria]] and the other [[Alexander the Great|Alexandrine]] cities. Early on, the geographic position of Greece and the necessity of importing wheat forced the Greeks to engage in maritime trade. Trade in ancient Greece was largely unrestricted: the state controlled only the supply of grain.<ref name="GL-H-09">Frank, Andre Gunder. (1998). ''ReOrient: Global economy in the Asian age.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-21474-3}}</ref>

[[File:Transasia trade routes 1stC CE gr2 macrobia label corrected.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Silk Road]] in the 1st century]]
[[File:New World Domesticated plants.JPG|thumb|Native [[New World]] crops [[Columbian exchange|exchanged globally]] ([[clockwise]]): Maize, tomato, potato, [[vanilla]], rubber, [[Cacao bean|cacao]], tobacco]]
Trade on the [[Silk Road]] was a significant factor in the development of civilizations from China, the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Persia]], Europe, and [[Arabia]], opening long-distance political and economic interactions between them.<ref>Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 32.</ref> Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, common goods such as salt and sugar were traded as well; and [[religion]]s, [[syncretic]] philosophies, and various technologies, as well as diseases, also traveled along the Silk Routes. In addition to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network.<ref>Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 33.</ref> The movement of people, such as refugees, artists, craftsmen, [[missionaries]], robbers, and envoys, resulted in the exchange of religions, art, languages, and new technologies.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/legacy-silk-road | title = The Legacy of the Silk Road | publisher = Yale Global | date = 25 January 2013 | access-date = 31 March 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402075517/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/legacy-silk-road | archive-date = 2 April 2015 }}</ref> From around 3000 BCE to 1000 CE, connectivity within [[Afro-Eurasia]] was centered upon the [[Indo-Mediterranean]] region, with the Silk Road later rising in importance with the Mongol Empire's consolidation of Asia in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Edmund |date=2009 |title=Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40542756 |journal=Journal of World History |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=186 |issn=1045-6007 |jstor=40542756}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Paramita |date=2024-03-12 |title=Building a new road |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Mar/12/building-a-new-road-3 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>