Editing Good Neighbor policy (section)

==Roosevelt administration==

=== Background ===
While working under President Wilson, Roosevelt had perpetuated ideas of American racial superiority by believing that the people of Latin American were incapable of self-government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Max Paul |date=2018-01-24 |title=The Good Neighbor Policy |url=https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-222 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.222|isbn=978-0-19-936643-9 }}</ref> However, by 1928 he had switched his point of view, becoming an advocate for cooperation.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] meant that trade with foreign countries had suffered a massive blow, so the U.S. government were actively trying to find a way to compensate for it.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Inman |first=Samuel Guy |date=1957 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Good Neighbor Policy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45309699 |journal=Current History |volume=32 |issue=188 |pages=193–199 |doi=10.1525/curh.1957.32.188.193 |jstor=45309699 |s2cid=248850598 |issn=0011-3530|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Policy===
In an effort to denounce past U.S. interventionism and subdue any subsequent fears of Latin Americans, Roosevelt announced on March 4, 1933, during his inaugural address, "In the field of World policy, I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor, the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others, the neighbor who respects his obligations and respects the sanctity of his agreements in and with a World of neighbors."<ref>{{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Franklin Delano |title=First Inaugural Address |location=Washington DC |date=4 Mar 1933}}</ref> In order to create a friendly relationship between the United States and Central as well as South American countries, Roosevelt sought to abstain from asserting military force in the region.<ref>Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 –1921–1936 – Milestones – Office of the Historian (Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 –1921–1936 – Milestones – Office of the Historian) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/good-neighbor</ref> This position was affirmed by [[Cordell Hull]], Roosevelt's [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] at a conference of American states in [[Montevideo]] in December 1933. Hull said: "No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another."<ref>{{cite book |last=LaFeber |first=Walter |author-link=Walter LaFeber |year=1994 |title=The American Age: U.S. Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, 1750 to Present |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=0393964744 |page=376}}</ref> Roosevelt then confirmed the policy in December of the same year: "The definite policy of the [[United States]] from now on is one opposed to armed intervention."<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Nixon |editor-first=Edgar B |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs |volume=I |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|Belknap Press]] |lccn=68-25617 |pages=559–560}}</ref>

===Impact===
[[File:OCIAA-Nelson-Rockefeller.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nelson Rockefeller]], [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs|Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] (1940)]]
[[File:Carmen Miranda 1941.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Carmen Miranda]] became the muse of the Good Neighbor policy.]]

The Good Neighbor Policy terminated the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] [[United States occupation of Haiti|occupation of Haiti]] in 1934, led to the annulment of the [[Platt Amendment]] by the [[Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)|Treaty of Relations]] with Cuba in 1934, and allowed for the negotiation of compensation for [[Mexican oil expropriation|Mexico's nationalization of foreign-owned oil assets]] to take place in 1938.

The [[United States Maritime Commission]] contracted [[Moore-McCormack]] Lines to operate a ''"Good Neighbor fleet"''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.moore-mccormack.com/The-Company/Newcomen.htm |last=Lee |first=Robert C. |author-link=Robert C. Lee |title=Mr Moore, Mr McCormack, and the Seven Seas |work=15th [[Newcomen Society of the United States|Newcomen Society]] Lecture |publisher=[[United States Coast Guard Academy]] |date=16 October 1956 |access-date=24 December 2009}}</ref> of ten cargo ships and three recently laid-up [[ocean liner]]s between the United States and South America.<ref name=Grace>{{cite web |url= http://cruiselinehistory.com/history-moore-mccormack-lines/ |last=Grace |first=Michael L |title=History – Moore-McCormack Lines |work=Cruising the Past |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=21 May 2013}}</ref> The passenger liners were the recently defunct [[Panama Pacific Line]]'s {{SS|California|1928|6}}, ''Virginia'' and ''Pennsylvania''.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://cruiselinehistory.com/cruise-line-history-%E2%80%93-panama-pacific-lines-finished-from-1938-time-magazine-2/ |publisher=Michael L Grace |title=Panama Pacific Lines finished |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=9 May 1938 |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> Moore-McCormack had them refurbished and renamed them SS ''Uruguay'', {{SS|Brazil|1928|2}} and {{SS|Argentina|1929|2}} for their new route between [[Port of New York and New Jersey|New York]] and [[Port of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] ''via'' [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Port of Santos|Santos]], and [[Port of Montevideo|Montevideo]].<ref name=Grace/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.moore-mccormack.com/SS-Uruguay-1938/SS-Uruguay-Timeline.htm |last1=Vinson |first1=Bill |last2=Casey |first2=Ginger Quering |title=S.S. ''Uruguay'' |work=Welcome Aboard Moore-McCormack Lines |access-date=21 May 2013}}</ref>

The policy sought to redefine the way Americans perceived Latin Americans, both politically as well as racially, while at the same time maintaining hemispheric unity. In order to accomplish this, Roosevelt created the [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] (OCIAA) in August 1940 and appointed [[Nelson Rockefeller]] to head the organization. The OCIAA was essentially a propaganda tool used by the United States to define Latin American society, as they perceived it. One division within the OCIAA, the Motion Picture Division, was headed by [[John Hay Whitney]], with the main intent to abolish preexisting stereotypes of Latin Americans that were prevalent throughout American society.<ref>Amanda Ellis, "Captivating a Country With Her Curves: Examining the Importance of Carmen Miranda's Iconography in Creating National Identities."(Masters Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008),</ref> Whitney was convinced of:<blockquote>The power that Hollywood films could exert in the two-pronged campaign to win the hearts and minds of Latin Americans and to convince Americans of the benefits of Pan-American friendship.<ref>{{cite book |first=Brian |last=O'Neil |chapter=Carmen Miranda: The High Price of Fame and Bananas |title=Latina Legacies |url=https://archive.org/details/latinalegaciesid00ruiz |url-access=limited |editor1-first=Vicki L. |editor1-last=Ruiz |editor2-first=Virginia |editor2-last=Sánchez Korrol |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/latinalegaciesid00ruiz/page/n207 195] |isbn=978-0-19515398-9}}</ref></blockquote>In order to accomplish this, Whitney urged film studios to hire Latin Americans and to produce movies that placed Latin America in a favorable light. Further, he urged filmmakers to refrain from producing movies that perpetuated negative stereotypes. Historically, Latin Americans were portrayed as lazy, backwards and suspicious.<ref>Data adapted from Public Opinion 1935–1946, ed. Hadley Cantril (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), 502.</ref> One film star who emerged then was [[Carmen Miranda]]. Used as a product to promote positive hemispheric relations, her films, including ''[[The Gang's All Here (1943 film)|The Gang's All Here]]'', explicitly promoted the Good Neighbor policy.

[[File:Chile tourism.jpg|thumbnail|right|Pamphlet describing Chile as a "tourist paradise" during the 1939 World's Fair]]
Similarly, in 1941 [[William S. Paley]] and [[Edmund Chester|Edmund A. Chester]] at [[CBS]] Radio collaborated with the OCIAA to create the "La Cadena de las Américas" (Network of the Americas) radio network to broadcast news and cultural programs which reflected Roosevelt's Good neighbor Policy and [[Pan-Americanism]] throughout Latin America during World War II.<ref>''In All His Glory: The Life and Times of William S. Paley and the Birth of Modern Broadcasting''. Salley Bedell Smith. Random House Trade Publications, New York, 2002, Chapter 18 {{ISBN|978-0-307-78671-5}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=W4IgALTXtH4C&dq=William+Paley+La+Cadena+de+las+Americas&pg=PT163 William S. Paley and La Cadena de las Americas on Books.google.com]</ref><ref>''Time'' – Radio: La Cadena, June 1, 1942 [https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,790530-1,00.html William S. Paley, La Cadena de las Americas on Content.time.com]</ref>  As a professional journalist, Chester insisted upon the presentation of accurate news programming as well as cultural programs which dispelled the negative stereotype of Americans toiling as automatons in a national industrial machine.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=ociaa&pg=PA166 ''Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda'' Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 pp. 152–153] {{ISBN|978-0-8166-7316-2}} OCIAA (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs), FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, CBS, La Cadena de las Americas, Edmund A. Chester on google.books.com</ref><ref>Media Sound & Culture in Latin America & the Caribbean. Editors – Bronfman, Alejandra & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 2012 pp. 41–50 {{ISBN|978-0-8229-6187-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ehN4sM0Xy_UC&dq=OIAA+cbs&pg=PA43 Pan Americanism, FDR's Good Neighbor Policy CBS, OIAA  on Books.Google.Com]</ref> Also, the policy's cultural impact included the launch of [[CBS Radio]]'s ''[[Viva América]]'' and ''[[Hello Americans]]'' programs and the [[Walt Disney]] films ''[[Saludos Amigos]]'' (1942) and ''[[The Three Caballeros]]'' (1944).

By the end of [[World War II]], [[Latin America]] was, according to one historian, the region of the world most supportive of American foreign policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grandin |first=Greg |author-link=Greg Grandin |year=2006 |title=Empires Workshop: Latin America, the United States and the Rise of the New Imperialism |publisher=Metropolitan Books |isbn=0805077383 |page=not cited |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/empiresworkshopl00gran }}</ref>

=== Further impact ===
By 1936 global peace was broken, as nations in parts of [[Spanish Civil War#Foreign involvement|Europe]], [[Pacification of Manchukuo|Asia]], and [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Africa]] were at war.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/buenos-aires-conference-1936| title = Buenos Aires Conference (1936) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Against this background the United States called for a special meeting of the [[Pan-American Union]]. Held in Buenos Aires from December 3 to December 26, 1936, the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace received great attention from the countries of the western hemisphere. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] attended the meeting in person and delivered a speech in which he said that [[Americas|American]] countries are determined to live in peace and that if there is any aggression from outside, the countries of the western hemisphere are fully prepared to negotiate for their common security and interests.

The important results of the Buenos Aires Conference in 1936 led to further developments at the Pan-American Conference of Lima 1938, where the Conference of American States agreed in a declaration to settle all disputes peacefully, to refrain from interfering in other countries' internal affairs, to deny recognition of territories seized, and make it illegal to collect debts by force. The declaration was to be known as the "Declaration of Lima".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar/lima.htm|title=Declaration of Lima, 24 December 1938|access-date=May 11, 2019|archive-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116024202/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar/lima.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 1939 World's Fair ===
{{main|Good Neighbor Policy and the 1939 World's Fair}}
The [[1939 New York World's Fair]] was just the place to promote neighborly relations between the United States and Latin America. Placed against the backdrop of a growing [[Nazi]] threat, the World's Fair was an attempt to escape from the looming prospect of [[World War II|war]] and to promote peace and interdependence between nations. With the fair boasting over 60 countries, with some coming from Latin America, it was the place to redefine negative Latin American stereotypes.<ref>Martha Gil-Montero, Brazilian Bombshell (Donald Fine, Inc., 1989)</ref> Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the [[Pan American Union]] were all represented at the World's Fair. Each country seized the opportunity to showcase their country and to make it more appealing to those around the world, especially in the United States. In their bid to increase cultural awareness at the World's Fair, each country promoted [[tourism]], and strived to compare itself to the United States in an effort to appeal to Americans.<ref>1939 World's Fair Collection, Henry Madden Library Special Collections, California State University, Fresno</ref>

===Legacy===
The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the ramp-up of the [[Cold War]] in 1945, as the United States felt there was a greater need to protect the Western Hemisphere from [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence. The changes conflicted with the Good Neighbor Policy's fundamental principle of non-intervention and led to a new wave of US involvement in [[Latin American]] affairs.<ref name=Gilderhus/> Until the end of the Cold War the United States directly or indirectly attacked all suspected socialist or communist movements in the hope of ending the spread of Soviet influence. U.S. interventions and interference in this era included the CIA overthrow of [[Guatemala]]'s President [[Jacobo Árbenz]] in 1954, the unsuccessful CIA-backed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] in [[Cuba]] in 1961, support for the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état]] which helped to remove from power democratically elected President [[João Goulart]], the [[United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966)|occupation of the Dominican Republic]], in response to the [[Dominican Civil War]], in 1965–1966, the [[United States intervention in Chile#Allende Presidency|CIA subversion]] of Chilean President [[Salvador Allende]] in 1970–1973, and support for the [[1973 Chilean coup d'etat|1973 coup d'etat]] that removed Allende, and support for [[Operation Charly]] in Central America and [[Operation Condor]] in South America, and the [[CIA activities in Nicaragua|CIA subversion of Nicaragua's Sandinista government]] from about 1981 to 1990.<ref name=Gilderhus/>

After [[World War II]], the [[Organization of American States]] was established in 1949. However, the U.S. began to shift its focus to aid and rebuilding efforts in [[Europe]] and [[Japan]]. These U.S. efforts largely neglected the [[Latin American]] countries, though U.S. investors and businessmen did have some stake in the nations to the South. In the late 1950s, United States strengthened relations with Latin America, launching the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] and later the [[Alliance for Progress]]. However, in the late 1960s, as part of the [[Cold War]], the United States government provided support to right-wing dictatorships with [[Operation Condor]]. Also, in the context of the [[War on Drugs]], the United States government has collaborated with local governments to fight cartels, for example with the [[Plan Colombia]] and the [[Mérida Initiative]].

===Good Neighbor Policy to Brazil===

Brazil had the most important branch of the Office of Inter-American Affairs on the entire continent. In all, 13 regional offices were created in different Brazilian capitals. Given Brazil's strategic importance for World War II, the country was the target of an immense U.S. propaganda effort, mainly through films, cartoons, and documentaries. According to one historian, from 1942 to 1945, relations between Brazil and the United States were intense. Many American artistic and intellectual personalities were in Brazil working on behalf of the Good Neighbor Policy, including [[Walt Disney]], [[Orson Welles]], [[Samuel G. Engel]], [[Gregg Toland]], and [[John Ford]]. During the war, U.S. propaganda films were seen by over 70 million Brazilian viewers.<ref>VALIM, Alexandre Busko. Brazil, the United States, and the Good Neighbor Policy: the triumph of persuasion during World War II. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2019</ref>

In October 1940, the CIAA reached out to [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Disney Studios]] in effort to increase meaningful relationships between the United States and Latin America. As German and fascist influence began to expand around the world, the United States wanted to keep nations such as Argentina and Brazil close.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratzlaff |first=Adam |date=2023-06-07 |title=Birds of a feather?: Lessons on U.S. cultural diplomacy from Walt Disney during the Good Neighbor Policy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10286632.2022.2078317 |journal=International Journal of Cultural Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1080/10286632.2022.2078317 |issn=1028-6632|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Starting in August 1941 Walt Disney and his team would take a three-month tour through Latin America to mainly receive a better understanding of the area for their respective films. Starting in Brazil, the Disney Studios team would explore the country while working with the Brazilian people in order to prepare for future films. There were eventually two films that were produced in result of the Walt Disney Project; those two films being ''[[Saludos Amigos]]'' and ''[[The Three Caballeros]].'' These two films included the likes of the famous Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck characters, who had become worldwide known figures. The two films, which were released in Latin America, worked to build better relations by including famous Disney characters into the world of Latin America. Walt Disney's portray of the Good Neighbor Policy seemed to be a success, as these films seemed to be very useful.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lénárt |first=András |date=2024-07-02 |title=Donald Duck goes south: Walt Disney and the Inter-American relations |url=https://www.alphavillejournal.com/Issue27/HTML/ArticleLenart.html |journal=Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media |language=en |issue=27 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.33178/alpha.27.03 |issn=2009-4078}}</ref>

===Good Neighbor Policy to Cuba===

The Good Neighbor Policy caused the annulment of the [[Platt Amendment]] in 1934, though the U.S. did continue to exert influence on Cuban affairs. In one notable example, the U.S. government expressed to the Cuban government that it should increase American quotas for Cuban sugar under a trade agreement, with the idea that it would benefit Cuba's local economy.<ref>Flavia. "Immigration: Latino Migration and U.S. Foreign Policy." Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS), 16 July 2014, clas.berkeley.edu/research/immigration-latino-migration-and-us-foreign-policy
Stuart, Graham. "The Results of the Good Neighbor Policy In Latin America." ''World Affairs'', vol. 102, no. 3, 1939, pp. 166–170.
</ref>

=== Significance ===
Good Neighbor diplomacy during Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidency had alleviated some of the tensions that were caused by the United States being a previously bad neighbor. The earlier policies regarding U.S. military intervention and supervision under the Monroe Doctrine were unpopular with Latin Americans, since it was perceived as an invasive foreign policy measure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=LaFeber |first=Walter |title=Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=1993 |location=New York |page=81}}</ref> For example, U.S. President William Howard Taft used dollar diplomacy and dispatched 2,700 Marines to Nicaragua in order to suppress a revolution against the government of President [[Adolfo Díaz]], which was directly threatening U.S. economic interests in Central America. After the United States successfully suppressed the revolution, Taft left Marines in Nicaragua to hinder and deter any other potential uprisings against the Díaz government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring |first=George |title=The American Century and Beyond: U.S. Foreign Relations, 1893–2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |location=New York |page=75}}</ref> Roosevelt opposed U.S. intervention in Nicaragua, since he understood that Latin Americans opposed U.S. intervention and he viewed the Monroe Doctrine as a cooperative effort rather than an aggressive U.S. foreign policy measure.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gellman |first=Irwin |title=Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policies in Latin America, 1933–1945 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2019 |location=Baltimore |pages=11, 38–39, 76–78}}</ref> Being a Good Neighbor became synonymous with non-intervention, even though non-intervention had its exceptions. The United States did adhere to non-intervention when U.S. interests were not directly threatened, but the United States did continue to intervene when it was deemed necessary, such as having U.S. military personnel stationed within the Panama Canal Zone.<ref name=":3" /> Nevertheless, Good Neighbor diplomacy was an important collective effort between the United States and Latin America, which fostered a spirit of cooperation and produced a sense of hemispheric solidarity amongst each other as seen with the Declaration of Lima.<ref name=":3" />