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Goose bumps
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=== In humans === In humans, goose bumps can even extend to piloerection as a reaction to hearing nails scratch on a chalkboard, or feeling or remembering strong and positive emotions (e.g., after winning a sports event), or while watching a [[horror film]].<ref>{{citation|author=George A. Bubenik|title=Why do humans get goosebumps when they are cold, or under other circumstances?|date=September 1, 2003|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-humans-get-goosebu|periodical=Scientific American}}</ref>[[File:Goosebumps in cat.jpg|thumb|Goose bumps in a kitten, due to the [[Fear of falling|fear of falling]]]] Some people can deliberately evoke goose bumps in themselves without any external trigger. This is called "voluntarily generated piloerection." Further research is needed to discover more on such people. Goose bumps are accompanied by a specific physiological response pattern that is thought to indicate the emotional state of being moved.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Benedek, Kaernbach|year=2011|title=Physiological correlates and emotional specificity of human piloerection|journal=Biological Psychology|volume=86|issue=3|pages=320β329|doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.012|pmc=3061318|pmid=21276827}}</ref> In humans, goose bumps occur everywhere on the body, including the legs, neck, and other areas of the skin that have hair. In some people, they even occur in the face or on the head. In humans, goose bumps tends to occur across the whole body, especially when elicited by thermal or emotional stimuli, and only locally when elicited via tactile stimuli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McPhetres |first=Jonathon |date=2024-08-15 |title=Diverse stimuli induce piloerection and yield varied autonomic responses in humans |url=https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/13/8/bio060205/361490/Diverse-stimuli-induce-piloerection-and-yield |journal=Biology Open |language=en |volume=13 |issue=8 |doi=10.1242/bio.060205 |pmid=38989667 |pmc=11391818 |issn=2046-6390}}</ref> Piloerection is also a classic symptom of some diseases, such as [[temporal lobe epilepsy]], some [[brain tumor]]s, and [[autonomic hyperreflexia]]. Goose bumps can also be caused by withdrawal from [[opiate]]s such as [[heroin]]. A skin condition that mimics goose bumps in appearance is [[keratosis pilaris]].
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