Editing Grammar (section)

== {{anchor|Frameworks}} Theoretical frameworks ==
{{Further|Syntax#Theoretical syntactic models}}
[[File:Parse tree 1.jpg|thumb|A generative [[parse tree]]: the sentence is divided into a [[noun phrase]] (subject), and a [[verb phrase]] which includes the object. This is in contrast to structural and functional grammar which consider the subject and object as equal constituents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schäfer |first=Roland |url=https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=620310 |title=Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen |edition=2nd|date=2016 |publisher=Language Science Press |isbn=978-1-5375-0495-7 |location=Berlin |author-link=Roland Schäfer |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728232919/http://oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=620310 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Christopher S. |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/270688/mod_folder/content/0/v.%20e%20vi.%20Butler%20-%20Structure%20and%20Function.pdf?forcedownload=1 |title=Structure and Function: A Guide to Three Major Structural-Functional Theories, part 1 |date=2003 |publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=978-1-58811-358-0 |pages=121–124 |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122000540/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/270688/mod_folder/content/0/v.%20e%20vi.%20Butler%20-%20Structure%20and%20Function.pdf?forcedownload=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Frameworks of grammar which seek to give a precise scientific theory of the syntactic rules of grammar and their function have been developed in [[theoretical linguistics]].
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2018}}

* [[Dependency grammar]]: dependency relation ([[Lucien Tesnière]] 1959)
** [[Link grammar]]
* [[Functional theories of grammar|Functional grammar]] (structural–functional analysis):
** [[Danish Functionalism]]
** [[Functional Discourse Grammar]]
** [[Role and reference grammar]]
** [[Systemic functional grammar]]
* [[Montague grammar]]

Other frameworks are based on an innate "[[universal grammar]]", an idea developed by [[Noam Chomsky]]. In such models, the object is placed into the verb phrase. The most prominent biologically oriented theories are:

* [[Cognitive grammar]] / [[Cognitive linguistics]]
** [[Construction grammar]]
*** [[Fluid Construction Grammar]]
** [[Word grammar]]
* [[Generative grammar]]:
** [[Transformational grammar]] (1960s)
** [[Generative semantics]] (1970s) and [[Semantic Syntax]] (1990s)
** [[Phrase structure grammar]] (late 1970s)
*** [[Generalized phrase structure grammar]] (late 1970s)
**** [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar]] (1985)
**** [[Principles and parameters]] grammar ([[Government and binding theory]]) (1980s)
** [[Lexical functional grammar]]
** [[Categorial grammar]] ([[lambda calculus]])
** [[Minimalist program]]-based grammar (1993)
* [[Stochastic grammar]]: probabilistic
** [[Operator grammar]]

[[Parse tree]]s are commonly used by such frameworks to depict their rules. There are various alternative schemes for some grammar:
* [[Affix grammar over a finite lattice]]
* [[Backus–Naur form]]
* [[Constraint grammar]]
* [[Lambda calculus]]
* [[Tree-adjoining grammar]]
* [[X-bar theory]]