Editing Grammar school (section)

===Early modern grammar schools===
{{see also|Neo-Latin#Latin in school education 1500–1700}}
An example of an early grammar school, founded by an early modern borough corporation unconnected with church, or university, is [[Bridgnorth Grammar School]], founded in 1503 by Bridgnorth Borough Corporation.<ref>J. F. A. Mason, The Borough of Bridgnorth 1157–1957 (Bridgnorth, 1957), 12, 36</ref>

{{anchor|free tuition}}
During the [[English Reformation]] in the 16th century, most cathedral schools were closed and replaced by new foundations funded from the [[dissolution of the monasteries]].<ref name="Spens Report"/> For example, the oldest extant schools in Wales – [[Christ College, Brecon]] (founded 1541) and the [[Friars School, Bangor]] (1557) – were established on the sites of former [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monasteries. King [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] made an important contribution to grammar schools, founding a series of schools during his reign (see [[King Edward's School (disambiguation)|King Edward's School]]). A few grammar schools were also established in the name of Queen Mary and then of Queen Elizabeth I. King [[James I of England|James I]] founded a series of "Royal Schools" in Ulster, beginning with [[The Royal School, Armagh]]. In theory these schools were open to all and offered free tuition to those who could not pay fees; however, few poor children attended school, because their labour was economically valuable to their families.

In the [[Scottish Reformation]] schools such as the [[High School of Glasgow|Choir School of Glasgow Cathedral]] (founded 1124) and the [[Royal High School (Edinburgh)|Grammar School of the Church of Edinburgh]] (1128) passed from church control to [[burgh]] councils, and the burghs also founded new schools. With the increased emphasis on studying the scriptures after the Reformation, many schools added Greek and, in a few cases, Hebrew. The teaching of these languages was hampered by a shortage of non-Latin type and of teachers fluent in the languages.

[[File:Old Grammar School, Market Harborough 07.jpg|thumb|Old Grammar School, Market Harborough, Leicestershire (1614)]]
During the 16th and 17th centuries the establishment of grammar schools became a common act of charity by nobles, wealthy merchants and [[guild]]s; for example [[The Crypt School]], Gloucester, founded by John and Joan Cook in 1539, [[Sir Roger Manwood's School]], founded in 1563 by [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]] [[jurist]] [[Roger Manwood]], and [[Spalding Grammar School]], founded by John Gamlyn and John Blanche in 1588. Many of these are still commemorated in annual "Founder's Day" services and ceremonies at surviving schools. The usual pattern was to create an endowment to pay the wages of a master to instruct local boys in Latin and sometimes Greek without charge.<ref name="Walford">{{cite book
| chapter   = Girls' Private Schooling: Past and Present
| author    = Geoffrey Walford
| title     = The Private Schooling of Girls: Past and Present
| editor    = Geoffrey Walford
| publisher = The Woburn Press | location = London | year = 1993
| pages     = 9–32
}}</ref>

The school day typically ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m., with a two-hour break for lunch; in winter, school started at 7 a.m. and ended at 4 p.m. Most of the day was spent in the [[rote learning]] of Latin. To encourage fluency, some schoolmasters recommended punishing any pupil who spoke in English. The younger boys learned the [[parts of speech]] and Latin words in the first year, learned to construct Latin sentences in the second year, and began translating English–Latin and Latin–English passages in the third year. By the end of their studies at age 14, they would be quite familiar with the great Latin authors, and with Latin drama and rhetoric.<ref>{{cite web
| url         = http://www.likesnail.org.uk/welcome-es.htm
| title       = Educating Shakespeare: School Life in Elizabethan England
| publisher   = The Guild School Association, Stratford-upon-Avon
| year        = 2003
| access-date = 1 October 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010302040536/http://www.likesnail.org.uk/welcome-es.htm
| archive-date= 2 March 2001
| url-status  = dead
}}</ref> Other skills, such as arithmetic and handwriting, were taught in odd moments or by travelling specialist teachers such as [[scrivener]]s.