Editing Green algae (section)

==Evolution and classification==
[[File:Intertidal greenalgae.jpg|thumb|right|A growth of the green seaweed ''[[Sea lettuce|Ulva]]'' on rock substratum at the ocean shore; some green seaweeds like ''Ulva'' are quick to utilize inorganic [[nutrient]]s from [[land runoff]], and thus can be indicators of [[nutrient pollution]]]]
Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant [[clade]] [[Viridiplantae]] (or [[Chlorobionta]]). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and [[glaucophyte]] algae, form the supergroup Primoplantae, also known as [[Archaeplastida]] or Plantae ''sensu lato''. The ancestral green alga was a unicellular flagellate.<ref name="Leliaert-2012"/>

The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades. The [[Chlorophyta]] include the early diverging [[Prasinophyceae|prasinophyte]] lineages and the core Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The [[Streptophyta]] include [[Charophyta|charophytes]] and land plants. Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewis LA, McCourt RM | title = Green algae and the origin of land plants | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 10 | pages = 1535–56 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 21652308 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535 }}</ref><ref name="Leliaert-2012">{{cite journal |last1= Leliaert |first1=Frederik |last2=Smith |first2=David R. |last3=Moreau |first3=Hervé |last4=Herron |first4=Matthew D. |last5=Verbruggen |first5=Heroen |last6=Delwiche |first6=Charles F. |last7=De Clerck |first7=Olivier | name-list-style = vanc |title=Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae | url = https://frederikleliaert.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/2012_leliaert_crps.pdf |s2cid-access=free |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |volume=31 |year=2012 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 |s2cid=17603352 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230524164529/https://frederikleliaert.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/2012_leliaert_crps.pdf |archive-date= May 24, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Marin-2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Marin B | title = Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons | journal = Protist | volume = 163 | issue = 5 | pages = 778–805 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22192529 | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004 }}</ref><ref name="Laurin-Lemay-2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laurin-Lemay S, Brinkmann H, Philippe H | title = Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data | journal = Current Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 15 | pages = R593–4 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22877776 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Ruhfel-2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG | title = From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 14 | pages = 23 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24533922 | pmc = 3933183 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leliaert F, Tronholm A, Lemieux C, Turmel M, DePriest MS, Bhattacharya D, Karol KG, Fredericq S, Zechman FW, Lopez-Bautista JM | title = Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | pages = 25367 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27157793 | pmc = 4860620 | doi = 10.1038/srep25367 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...625367L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4LxB9MRdzMC&pg=PA158 |title=The Tree of Life: A Phylogenetic Classification|last1=Lecointre|first1= Guillaume |last2=Guyader|first2=Hervé Le | name-list-style = vanc |date=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674021839|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH | title = Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 37 | pages = E7737–E7745 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28808007 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1620089114 | pmc=5603991| bibcode = 2017PNAS..114E7737S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Gitzendanner-2018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Wong GK, Ruhfel BR, Soltis DE |date=March 2018 |title=Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=291–301 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1048 |pmid=29603143 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Lemieux-2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lemieux C, Otis C, Turmel M | title = Ancestral chloroplast genome in Mesostigma viride reveals an early branch of green plant evolution | language = En | journal = Nature | volume = 403 | issue = 6770 | pages = 649–52 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10688199 | doi = 10.1038/35001059 | bibcode = 2000Natur.403..649L | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Riediger|first1=Matthias|last2=Hihara|first2=Yukako|last3=Hess |first3=Wolfgang R.|date= 2018-06-01 |title=From cyanobacteria and algae to land plants: The RpaB/Ycf27 regulatory network in transition|journal=Perspectives in Phycology|language=en |volume=5|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1127/pip/2018/0078|s2cid=90444313|issn=2198-011X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Turmel|first1=Monique|title=Evolution of the Plastid Genome in Green Algae|date=2018|work=Advances in Botanical Research|pages=157–193|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/bs.abr.2017.11.010|isbn=9780128134573|last2=Lemieux|first2=Claude}}</ref><ref name="HuanLiu-2020">{{Cite journal |author1=Linzhou Li |author2=Sibo Wang |author3=Hongli Wang |author4=Sunil Kumar Sahu |author5=Birger Marin |author6=Haoyuan Li |author7=Yan Xu |author8=Hongping Liang |author9=Zhen Li |author10=Shifeng Chen |author11=Tanja Reder |date=22 June 2020 |title=The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=1220–1231 |doi=10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7 |pmc=7455551 |pmid=32572216 |doi-access=free |author22=Yves Van de Peer |author23=Michael Melkonian |author24=Huan Liu |author21=Xin Liu |author20=Xun Xu |author19=Gane Ka-Shu Wong |author17=Huanming Yang |author16=Hongli Du |author15=Barbara Melkonian |author14=Morten Petersen |author13=Sebastian Wittek |author12=Zehra Çebi |author18=Jian Wang}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=November 2021}}

{{barlabel
|size=23
|at=11.5
|label=Green algae
|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
|cladogram={{clade
    |label1=[[Viridiplantae]]
    |1={{clade
        |label1=[[Prasinodermophyta]]
        |barbegin1=darkgreen
        |1={{clade
            |1=[[Palmophyllophyceae]] (prasinophyte clade VI)
            |2=[[Prasinoderma|Prasinodermophyceae]]
        }}
        |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Chlorophyta]]
            |bar1=darkgreen
            |1={{clade
                |1={{clade
                    |1={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                            |label1=core Chlorophyta
                            |1={{clade
                                |label1=[[Chlorophytina]]
                                |1={{clade
                                    |1={{clade
                                        |1={{clade
                                            |1=[[Ulvophyceae]]
                                            |2=[[Chlorophyceae]]
                                        }}
                                        |2=[[Trebouxiophyceae]]
                                    }}
                                    |2=[[Chlorodendrales|Chlorodendrophyceae]]
                                }}
                                |2=[[Pedinophyceae]]
                            }}
                            |2=[[Prasinophyceae|Prasinophytes]] Clade VIIA
                        }}
                        |2={{clade
                            |1=[[Prasinophyceae|Prasinophytes]] Clade VIIC
                            |2=[[Pycnococcaceae]]
                        }}
                    }}
                    |2=[[Nephroselmidophyceae]]
                }}
                |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Mamiellophyceae]]
                    |2=[[Pyramimonadales]]
                }}
            }}
            |label2=[[Streptophyta]]/
            |sublabel2=[[Charophyta]]
            |2={{clade
                |bar1=darkgreen
                |1={{clade
                    |1=[[Mesostigmatophyceae]]
                    |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Spirotaenia]]''
                        |2=[[Chlorokybophyceae]]
                    }}
                }}
                |2={{clade
                    |bar1=darkgreen
                    |1=''[[Streptofilum]]''
                    |2={{clade
                        |bar1=darkgreen
                        |1=[[Klebsormidiales|Klebsormidiophyceae]]
                        |label2=[[Phragmoplastophyta]]
                        |2={{clade
                            |bar1=darkgreen
                            |1=[[Charophyceae]]
                            |2={{clade
                                |bar1=darkgreen
                                |1=[[Coleochaetales|Coleochaetophyceae]]
                                |2={{clade
                                    |barend1=darkgreen
                                    |1={{clade
                                        |1=[[Zygnematales|Zygnematophyceae]]
                                        |2=[[Mesotaeniaceae]] s.s.
                                    }}
                                    |2=[[Embryophyta]] (land plants)
                                }}
                            }}
                        }}
                    }}
                }}
            }}
        }}
    }}
}}
}}

The basal character of the Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and ''spirotaenia'' are only more conventionally basal Streptophytes.

The algae of this paraphyletic group "Charophyta" were previously included in Chlorophyta, so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms. As the green algae clades get further resolved, the embryophytes, which are a deep charophyte branch, are included in "[[algae]]", "green algae" and "[[Charophyta|Charophytes]]", or these terms are replaced by cladistic terminology such as [[Archaeplastida]], [[Plant]]ae/[[Viridiplantae]], and [[Streptophyta|streptophytes]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the Protists|last1=Cook|first1=Martha E.|last2=Graham|first2=Linda E. |chapter=Chlorokybophyceae, Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae | name-list-style = vanc |date=2017|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=9783319281476|editor-last=Archibald|editor-first=John M.|pages=185–204|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_36|editor-last2=Simpson|editor-first2=Alastair G. B.|editor-last3=Slamovits|editor-first3=Claudio H.}}</ref>