Editing GroES (section)

==Detection==
Early pregnancy factor is tested for [[rosette inhibition assay]].  EPF is present in the maternal serum ([[blood plasma]]) shortly after fertilization; EPF is also present in [[cervix|cervical mucus]]
<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng SJ, Zheng ZQ | title = Early pregnancy factor in cervical mucus of pregnant women | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 102–5 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 14748834 | doi = 10.1046/j.8755-8920.2003.00136.x | s2cid = 40837910 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and in [[amniotic fluid]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng ZQ, Qin ZH, Ma AY, Qiao CX, Wang H | title = Detection of early pregnancy factor-like activity in human amniotic fluid | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 22 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 9–11 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2346595 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb01025.x | s2cid = 85106990 }}</ref>

EPF may be detected in   sheep within 72 hours of mating,<ref name="sheep1979">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morton H, Clunie GJ, Shaw FD | title = A test for early pregnancy in sheep | journal = Research in Veterinary Science | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–2 | date = Mar 1979 | pmid = 262615 | doi = 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32933-3 }}</ref> in mice within 24 hours of mating,<ref name="mice">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavanagh AC, Morton H, Rolfe BE, Gidley-Baird AA | title = Ovum factor: a first signal of pregnancy? | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–101 | date = Apr 1982 | pmid = 7102890 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1982.tb00093.x | s2cid = 9624692 }}</ref> and in samples from media surrounding human embryos fertilized [[in vitro]] within 48 hours of fertilization<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smart YC, Cripps AW, Clancy RL, Roberts TK, Lopata A, Shutt DA | title = Detection of an immunosuppressive factor in human preimplantation embryo cultures | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 78–9 | date = Jan 1981 | doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb135326.x | pmid = 7231254 | s2cid = 12267649 }}</ref> (although another study failed to duplicate this finding for ''in vitro'' embryos).<ref name="origin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nahhas F, Barnea E | title = Human embryonic origin early pregnancy factor before and after implantation | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 22 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 105–8 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2375830 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb00651.x | s2cid = 21055879 }}</ref>  EPF has been detected as soon as within six hours of mating.<ref name="immuno1980">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shaw FD, Morton H | title = The immunological approach to pregnancy diagnosis: a review | journal = The Veterinary Record | volume = 106 | issue = 12 | pages = 268–70 | date = Mar 1980 | pmid = 6966439 | doi = 10.1136/vr.106.12.268 | doi-broken-date = 1 November 2024 | s2cid = 45876497 }}</ref>

Because the [[rosette inhibition assay]] for EPF is indirect, substances that have similar effects may confound the test. [[Pig semen]], like EPF, has been shown to inhibit rosette formation – the rosette inhibition test was positive for one day in sows mated with a vasectomized boar, but not in sows similarly stimulated without semen exposure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koch E, Ellendorff F | title = Detection of activity similar to that of early pregnancy factor after mating sows with a vasectomized boar | journal = Journal of Reproduction and Fertility | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–46 | date = May 1985 | pmid = 4020773 | doi = 10.1530/jrf.0.0740039 | doi-access =  }}</ref>  A number of studies in the years after the discovery of EPF were unable to reproduce the consistent detection of EPF in post-conception females, and the validity of the discovery experiments was questioned.<ref name="criticism">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chard T, Grudzinskas JG | title = Early pregnancy factor | journal = Biological Research in Pregnancy and Perinatology | volume = 8 | issue = 2 2D Half | pages = 53–6 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3322417 }}</ref>  However, progress in characterization of EPF has been made and its existence is well-accepted in the scientific community.<ref name="composition">{{cite journal | vauthors = Di Trapani G, Orosco C, Perkins A, Clarke F | title = Isolation from human placental extracts of a preparation possessing 'early pregnancy factor' activity and identification of the polypeptide components | journal = Human Reproduction | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 450–7 | date = Mar 1991 | pmid = 1955557 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137357 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavanagh AC | title = Identification of early pregnancy factor as chaperonin 10: implications for understanding its role | journal = Reviews of Reproduction | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–32 | date = Jan 1996 | pmid = 9414435 | doi = 10.1530/ror.0.0010028 }}</ref>