Editing Ground-level power supply (section)

===Electric road systems===
==== Sweden ====
{{See also|Swedish Transport Administration electric road program}}
{{anchor|Elways}}[[File:Elways electric truck dynamic charging electric road eRoadArlanda project 2019-05-16.jpg|thumb|right|Electric truck driving on a public road with Elways-Evias ground-level power supply, near [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport]], 2019.]]
[[Electric road]]s power and charge [[electric vehicle]]s while driving. Sweden has tested electric road systems that charge the batteries of trucks and [[electric cars]], and among the tested systems are two ground-level power supply systems tested since 2017, in-road rail by Elways-Evias and on-road rail by Elonroad.<ref name="TRL">{{citation|url=https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/PIARC%20ERS%20Academy%20Report%20PPR875_Final%20Version.pdf|title=Electric Road Systems: a solution for the future|author1=D Bateman|author2=D Leal|display-authors=1|publisher=[[Transport Research Laboratory|TRL]]|date=October 8, 2018|pages=146–149|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803034309/https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/PIARC%20ERS%20Academy%20Report%20PPR875_Final%20Version.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Elonroad later developed an in-road rail system for highway use at speeds up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="Corot2023"/> The systems were found to be more economical than the tested overhead line system and [[Inductive charging#Dynamic charging|dynamic inductive charging]] system. The in-road rail system is planned to deliver up to 800&nbsp;kW per vehicle traveling over a powered segment of the rail, and the system is estimated to be the most cost-effective among the four tested systems. The new systems are expected to be safe, with segments of the rail being powered only when a vehicle is traveling over them.<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01">{{citation |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/om-oss/pressrum/pressmeddelanden/Nationellt/2021/2021-02/trafikverket-rekommenderar-elvag-i-kombination-med-stationar-laddning/ |title=Analysera förutsättningar och planera för en utbyggnad av elvägar |publisher=[[Swedish Transport Administration]] |date=February 2, 2021|pages=21–23, 25–26, 54}}</ref> The rails have been tested while submerged in salt water and were found to be safe for pedestrians.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/12/worlds-first-electrified-road-for-charging-vehicles-opens-in-sweden|title=World's first electrified road for charging vehicles opens in Sweden| work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Daniel Boffey|date=April 12, 2018}}</ref>

==== France ====
{{See also|Transport in France#Electric roads}}
The co-director for one of the French Ministry of Ecology working groups on electric road systems stated that rail-based ERS are the most advantageous, though the specific rail technology has yet to be standardized. France plans to invest 30 to 40 billion euro by 2035 in an electric road system spanning 8,800 kilometers. Ground-level power supply technologies are considered the most likely candidates for electric roads.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/mobilite-electrique-2-5-une-fenetre-etroite-pour-brancher-les-autoroutes.2203237 |title=Sur les routes de la mobilité électrique |author=Laurent Miguet |date=April 28, 2022 |website=[[Le Moniteur des travaux publics et du bâtiment|Le Moniteur]]}}</ref> Two projects for assessment of electric road technologies have been announced in 2023. The first French public road with an electric road system is planned to open in 2024 using a ground-level power supply system derived from [[#Alstom APS|Alstom APS]].<ref name="Pastre2023" /> The second, with technology developed by Elonroad, is scheduled to undergo laboratory testing for [[Skid (automobile)|skid]] effects on [[motorcycle]]s before being deployed along two kilometers on the [[A10 autoroute]] south of Paris.<ref name="Corot2023">{{citation |url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/l-instant-tech-vinci-teste-la-recharge-par-induction-et-par-rail-sur-autoroute.N2158317 |title=Vinci teste la recharge par induction et par rail sur autoroute |author=Léna Corot |date=August 30, 2023 |website=L'USINENOUVELLE.com}}</ref>