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Ground wave
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== Modeling == In the 1930s, [[Alfred Norton Goldsmith|Alfred Norton]] was the first author to accurately describe groundwave mathematically, deriving an equation for field strength over a flat earth. Van der Pol and Bremmer published calculations for a spherical Earth from 1937 to 1939. Later work focused on paths with variable conductivity, the effects of terrain and objects on the ground, and computer modeling.<ref name=":0" />
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