Editing Han system (section)

===Edo period===
{{main|Edo period}}
[[File:Map Japan Genki1-en.svg|thumb|A map of the territories of the [[Sengoku]] ''daimyō'' around the first year of the [[Genki (era)|Genki era]] (1570 AD).]]
[[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], the preeminent warlord of the late [[Sengoku period]] (1467–1603), caused a transformation of the {{lang|ja-Latn|han}} system during his reforms of the feudal structure of Japan. Hideyoshi's system saw the {{lang|ja-Latn|han}} become an [[abstraction]] based on periodic [[cadastral]] surveys and projected [[agricultural]] yields, rather than delineated territory.<ref>[[Jeffrey Mass|Mass, Jeffrey P.]] and William B. Hauser. (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv99D510nHcC&pg=PA150 ''The Bakufu in Japanese History'', p. 150].</ref> Hideyoshi died in 1598 and his young son [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] was displaced by [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] after the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in October 1600, but his new feudal system was maintained after Ieyasu established the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]] in 1603. The {{lang|ja-Latn|han}} belonged to [[daimyo]], the powerful samurai feudal lords, who governed them as personal property with autonomy as a [[vassal]] of the Tokugawa [[Shogun]]. Ieyasu's successors further refined the system by introducing methods that ensured control of the daimyo and the imperial court. For instance, relatives and retainers were placed in politically and militarily strategic districts while potentially hostile daimyo were transferred to unimportant geographic locations or their estates confiscated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Deal|first=William E.|title=Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-533126-4|location=New York, NY|pages=13}}</ref> They were also occupied with public works that kept them financially drained as the daimyo paid for the bakufu projects.<ref name=":0" />

Unlike [[Western world|Western]] feudalism, the value of a Japanese feudal domain was now defined in terms of projected annual income rather than geographic size. {{lang|ja-Latn|Han}} were valued for [[taxation]] using the {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Kokudaka]]}} system which determined value based on output of [[rice]] in {{lang|ja-Latn|[[koku]]}}, a [[Japanese unit]] of volume considered enough rice to feed one person for one year.<ref>Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=T2_5_W7UFXwC&pg=PA17 ''Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,'' p. 17].<!-- EXCERPT "The use of agriculture yield (''[[kokudaka]]'') as a basis of calculation for rights of taxation had another subtle but important result.  The domains of daimyo are defined in terms of ''kokudaka'', not land area.  It is true that for the larger daimyo, the grants usually coincided with whole provinces, and such daimyo remained identified with set locations.  But for the vast majority of diamyo who were enfeofed at figures of ten or twenty thousand ''koku'', the domains -- while perhaps centering on a small headquarters castle -- had no clearly drawn territorial boundaries, being calculated instead in terms of appropriate numbers of villages who sum ''koku'' added up the requisite figure.   Moreover, since the daimyo was alloted his fief in terms of ''koku'', not land, it became largely immaterial whether the fief was changed from one location to another as long as the income was not decreased ... the daimyo held their domains not as private possessions but rather in trust from the national overlord as his delegates." --></ref> A daimyo was determined by the Tokugawa as a lord heading a {{lang|ja-Latn|han}} assessed at 10,000 {{lang|ja-Latn|koku}} (50,000 [[bushel]]s) or more, and the output of their {{lang|ja-Latn|han}} contributed to their prestige or how their wealth were assessed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Howell|first=David Luke|title=Capitalism from Within: Economy, Society, and the State in a Japanese Fishery|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-520-08629-6|location=Berkeley|pages=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lucassen|first=Jan|title=Wages and Currency: Global Comparisons from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2007|isbn=978-3-03910-782-7|pages=125}}</ref> Early [[Japanologist]]s such as [[Georges Appert]] and [[Edmond Papinot]] made a point of highlighting the annual {{lang|ja-Latn|koku}} yields which were allocated for the [[Shimazu clan]] at [[Satsuma Domain]] since the 12th century.<ref>[[Georges Appert|Appert, Georges]]. (1888). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CSUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA77 "Shimazu"] in ''Ancien Japon'', pp. 77;  ''compare'' [[Edmond Papinot|Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph]]. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003). [http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/NobiliaireJapon.pdf ''Nobiliare du Japon''], p. 55; retrieved 23 March 2013.</ref> The Shogunal {{lang|ja-Latn|han}} and the Imperial provinces served as complementary systems which often worked in tandem for administration. When the Shogun ordered  the daimyos to make a [[census]] of their people or to make [[map]]s, the work was organized along the borders of the provinces.<ref>Roberts, Luke S. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aAeQREc0vz0C&pg=PA6 ''Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: the merchant origins of economic nationalism in 18th-century Tosa'', p. 6]<!-- EXCERPT "Imperial provinces "remained on the cultural map as commonly used definers of territorial regions called ''kuni'' ...  because when the shōgun ordered populations registers and maps to be made, he had them organized along the borders of the provincial ''kuni''.  This has been interpreted as important evidence of the shōgun's styled role as a servant of the emperor, one of the important means by which he legitimized his authority." --></ref> As a result, a {{lang|ja-Latn|han}} could overlap multiple provinces which themselves contained sections of multiple {{lang|ja-Latn|han}}. In 1690, the richest {{lang|ja-Latn|han}} was the [[Kaga Domain]], located in the provinces of [[Kaga Province|Kaga]], [[Etchū Province|Etchū]] and [[Noto Province|Noto]], with slightly over 1 million {{lang|ja-Latn|koku}}.<ref name="totman119">[[Conrad Totman|Totman, Conrad]] (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb7Zp3LF-VAC&pg=PA119  ''Early Modern Japan''], p. 119.</ref>