Editing Haptic communication (section)

===Social/polite===
Moving from one haptic category to another can become blurred by [[culture]]. There are many areas in the United States where a touch on the [[wiktionary:forearm#Noun|forearm]] is accepted as socially correct and polite. However, in the Midwest, this is not always an acceptable behavior.

The initial connection to another person in a professional setting usually starts off with a touch, specifically a [[handshake]]. A person's handshake can speak volumes about them and their personality. Chiarella wrote an article for [[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire magazine]] explaining to the predominantly male readership how handshakes differ from person to person and how they send nonverbal messages. He mentioned that holding the grip longer than two seconds will result in a stop in the verbal conversation, thus the nonverbal will override the [[verbal communication]].

A handshake is not only limited to a professional setting but as well an important aspect of youth's team sports. Hamilton wrote that the handshake represents the end-of-game as an embodied ritual, form of intimate touch, and legal gesture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hamilton|first=Sheryl N.|date=2017-01-02|title=Rituals of intimate legal touch: regulating the end-of-game handshake in pandemic culture|journal=The Senses and Society|volume=12|issue=1|pages=53–68|doi=10.1080/17458927.2017.1268821|s2cid=152146274 |issn=1745-8927}}</ref> These handshakes also vary in types, with the formal business handshake that usually occurs in job and formal settings. In the end-of-game embodied ritual, this usually has high fives in a post game line. There is also the traditional dap up in certain social settings, a different type of handshake that can also serve as a greeting, departure, or overall a symbol of friendship. The word dap serves as an acronym for dignity and pride and signifies that the two people shake hands are equals in regards to one another. This handshake originated within the Vietnam War between black G.I.s as a way to combat the segregation faced within the war.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hamilton |first1=LaMont |title=Five on the Black Hand Side: Origins and Evolutions of the Dap |url=https://folklife.si.edu/talkstory/2014/five-on-the-black-hand-sideorigins-and-evolutions-of-the-dap |work=Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage |date=22 September 2014 }}</ref>

Jones explained communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form which helps people to keep good relationships with others.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/03637758509376094 |title=A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch |journal=Communication Monographs |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=19–56 |year=2009 |last1=Jones |first1=Stanley E. |last2=Yarbrough |first2=A. Elaine }}</ref> His study with Yarbrough covered touch sequences and individual touches.

Touch sequences fall into two different types, repetitive and strategic. Repetitive is when one person touches and the other person reciprocates. The majority of these touches are considered positive. [[Strategic]] touching is a series of touching usually with an ulterior or hidden motive thus making them seem to be using touch as a game to get someone to do something for them.

More common than the sequential touches are the individual or single touches. They must be read by using the total context of what was said, the nature of the relationship and what kind of social setting was involved when the person was touched.

Yarbrough designed a blueprint for how to touch. She designated the different body areas as to whether they are 'touchable' or not. Non-vulnerable body parts (NVBP) are the hand, arm, shoulder and upper back, and vulnerable body parts (VBP) are all other body regions.

[[Civil inattention]] is defined as the polite way to manage interaction with strangers by not engaging in any interpersonal communication or needing to respond to a stranger's touch. Goffman uses an elevator study to explain this phenomenon.<ref>Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places, New York: Free Press.</ref> It is uncommon for people to look at, talk to, or touch the person next to them. While it may be so crowded that they 'touch' another person, they will often maintain an expressionless demeanor so not to affect those around them.