Editing Haptic technology (section)

== Implementation ==
Haptic feedback (often shortened to just haptics) is controlled vibrations at set frequencies and intervals to provide a sensation representative of an in-game action; this includes 'bumps', 'knocks', and 'tap' of one's hand or fingers.

The majority of electronics offering haptic feedback use vibrations, and most use a type of [[Eccentric rotating mass (ERM) motor|eccentric rotating mass]] (ERM) actuator, consisting of an unbalanced weight attached to a motor shaft. As the shaft rotates, the spinning of this irregular mass causes the actuator and the attached device to shake. [[Piezoelectricity#Actuators|Piezoelectric actuators]] are also employed to produce vibrations, and offer even more precise motion than LRAs, with less noise and in a smaller platform, but require higher voltages than do ERMs and LRAs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/lit/sg/slot139/slot139.pdf|title=Hear and feel the difference: TI's low-power audio and activators|last=Texas Instruments|date=2017|website=Texas Instruments|access-date=2019-07-19|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719235907/http://www.ti.com/lit/sg/slot139/slot139.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Controller rumble ===
{{see also|DualShock|Rumble Pak}}
One of the most common forms of haptic feedback in video games is controller rumble. In 1976, [[Sega]]'s motorbike game ''[[Fonz (arcade)|Moto-Cross]]'',<ref name="Moto-Cross" /> also known as ''[[Fonz (arcade)|Fonz]]'',<ref name="Fonz" /> was the first game to use haptic feedback, causing the handlebars to vibrate during a collision with another vehicle.<ref name=":3" />

=== Force feedback ===
Force feedback devices use motors to manipulate the movement of an item held by the user.<ref name="Bayousuf2017">Abeer Bayousuf, Hend S. Al-Khalifa, Abdulmalik Al-Salman (2017) ''[https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/haptics-based-systems-characteristics-classification-and-applications/184172 Haptics-Based Systems Characteristics, Classification, and Applications]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4658 p.4658], in Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A., Mehdi (Eds., 2017) ''Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology'', Fourth Edition, Chapter 404, pages 4652–4665</ref> A common use is in automobile driving video games and simulators, which turn the [[racing wheel|steering wheel]] to simulate forces experienced when cornering a real vehicle. [[Direct-drive wheel]]s, introduced in 2013, are based on [[servomotor]]s and are the most high-end, for strength and fidelity, type of force feedback racing wheels.

In 2007, [[Novint]] released the [[Novint#Novint Falcon|Falcon]], the first consumer 3D touch device with high resolution three-dimensional force feedback. This allowed the haptic simulation of objects, textures, recoil, momentum, and the physical presence of objects in games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://on10.net/blogs/tina/Introducing-the-Novint-Falcon/|title=Introducing the Novint Falcon|last=Wood|first=Tina|date=2007-04-05|publisher=On10.net|access-date=2010-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620114659/http://on10.net/blogs/tina/Introducing-the-Novint-Falcon/|archive-date=2010-06-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eduhaptics.org/index.php/HapticDevices/HomePage|title=Devices|work=HapticDevices|access-date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910005157/http://eduhaptics.org/index.php/HapticDevices/HomePage|archive-date=10 September 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

=== Air vortex rings ===
[[Vortex ring|Air vortex rings]] are donut-shaped air pockets made up of concentrated gusts of air. Focused air vortices can have the force to blow out a candle or disturb papers from a few yards away. Both Microsoft Research (AirWave)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Sidhant|last2=Morris|first2=Dan|last3=Patel|first3=Shwetak N.|last4=Tan|first4=Desney|title=Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing |chapter=AirWave |date=2013-01-01|series=UbiComp '13|location=New York|publisher=ACM|pages=419–28|doi=10.1145/2493432.2493463|isbn=978-1-4503-1770-2|s2cid=1749365}}</ref> and Disney Research (AIREAL)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sodhi|first1=Rajinder|last2=Poupyrev|first2=Ivan|last3=Glisson|first3=Matthew|last4=Israr|first4=Ali|date=2013-07-01|title=AIREAL: Interactive Tactile Experiences in Free Air|journal=ACM Trans. Graph.|volume=32|issue=4|pages=134:1–10|doi=10.1145/2461912.2462007|s2cid=5798443|issn=0730-0301}}</ref> have used air vortices to deliver non-contact haptic feedback.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Shtarbanov|first1=Ali|last2=Bove Jr.|first2=V. Michael|title=Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Free-Space Haptic Feedback for 3D Displays via Air-Vortex Rings |date=2018|url=http://obm.media.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/05/LBW622.pdf|language=en|location=Montreal QC, Canada|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1–6|doi=10.1145/3170427.3188622|isbn=9781450356213|s2cid=5049106}}</ref>

=== Ultrasound ===
Focused [[ultrasound]] beams can be used to create a localized sense of pressure on a finger without touching any physical object. The focal point that creates the sensation of pressure is generated by individually controlling the phase and intensity of each transducer in an array of ultrasound transducers. These beams can also be used to deliver sensations of vibration,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Culbertson|first1=Heather|last2=Schorr|first2=Samuel B.|last3=Okamura|first3=Allison M.|author3-link=Allison Okamura|date=2018|title=Haptics: The Present and Future of Artificial Touch Sensation|journal=Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems|volume=1|issue=1|pages=385–409|doi=10.1146/annurev-control-060117-105043|s2cid=64963235|doi-access=free}}</ref> and to give users the ability to feel virtual 3D objects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=Benjamin|date=Nov 19, 2014|title=Rendering volumetric haptic shapes in mid-air using ultrasound: Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2014|url=http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/rendering-volumetric-haptic-shapes-in-midair-using-ultrasound(ab22e930-bd9d-4480-a85a-83a33bd9b096).html|journal=ACM Transactions on Graphics|volume=33|page=6|doi=10.1145/2661229.2661257|s2cid=3467880|hdl=1983/ab22e930-bd9d-4480-a85a-83a33bd9b096|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The first commercially available ultrasound device was the Stratos Explore by Ultrahaptics that consisted of 256-transducer array board and a Leap motion controller for hand tracking<ref>{{Cite web |last=Junkie |first=Gadget |date=2020-09-28 |title=STRATOS Explore Mid-Air Haptic Feedback Device |url=https://www.gadgetify.com/stratos-explore/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Gadgetify |language=en-US}}</ref>

Another form of tactile feed back results from active touch when a human scans (runs their finger over a surface) to gain information about a surfaces texture. A significant amount of information about a surface's texture on the micro meter scale can be gathered through this action as vibrations resulting from friction and texture activate [[mechanoreceptor]]s in the human skin. Towards this goal plates can be made to vibrate at an ultrasonic frequency which reduces the friction between the plate and skin.<ref>Basdogan, C.; Giraud, F.; Levesque, V.; Choi, S. A Review of Surface Haptics: Enabling Tactile Effects on Touch Surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Haptics. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers July 1, 2020, pp 450–470.</ref><ref>Scheibert, J., Leurent, S., Prevost, A., & Debrégeas, G. (2009). The role of fingerprints in the coding of tactile information probed with a biomimetic sensor. Science, 323(5920), 1503-1506.</ref>

=== Electrical stimulation ===
[[Electrical muscle stimulation]] (EMS) and [[transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation]] (TENS) can be used to create haptic sensations in the skin or muscles. Most notable examples include [[Haptic suit|haptic suits]] Tesla suit,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teslasuit.io/|title=Teslasuit|website=Teslasuit|language=en-US}}</ref> Owo haptic vest<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/assassins-creed-mirage-has-a-tie-in-haptic-vest-that-can-beat-you-up-stab-you-axe-you-dart-you-and-combo-into-a-severe-abdominal-wound/ |title=Assassin's Creed Mirage has a tie-in haptic vest that can beat you up, stab you, axe you, dart you, and combo into a 'severe abdominal wound' |last=Stanton |first=Rich |date=14 July 2023 |website=PC Gamer}}</ref> and wearable armbands Valkyrie EIR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vrscout.com/news/get-swole-with-these-vr-muscle-stimulators/|title=Get Swole With These VR Muscle Stimulators|website=VR Scout|date=18 October 2022 }}</ref> In addition to improving immersion, e.g. by simulating bullet hits, these technologies are sought to create sensations similar to weight and resistance, and can promote muscle training.<ref name="ISEK2010">{{cite journal |last1=Maffiuletti |first1=Nicola A. |last2=Minetto |first2=Marco A. |last3=Farina |first3=Dario |last4=Bottinelli |first4=Roberto |year=2011 |title=Electrical stimulation for neuromuscular testing and training: State-of-the-art and unresolved issues |journal=European Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=111 |issue=10 |pages=2391–2397 |doi=10.1007/s00421-011-2133-7 |pmid=21866361 |doi-access=free}}</ref>